METHOD 


OP 


CLASSICAL    STUDY: 


ILLUSTRATED  BY  QUESTIONS 


ON     A     FEW 


SELECTIONS  FROM  LATIN  AND  GREEK  AUTHORS. 


BT 


SAMUEL    H.    TAYLOR,   LL.  D. 

PRINCIPAL  OF  PHILLIPS  ACADEMT,  ANDOVEB,  MASS. 


BOSTON: 

BROWN     AND     TAGGARD. 

•• 

25    AND    29    COKNHILL. 

;  J  1861. 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1861,  by 

SAMUEL    II.  TAYLOR, 
In  the  Clerk's  Office  of  tho  District  Court  of  the  District  of  Massachusetts. 


VI 


Electrotype^  and  Printed  by  \V.  F.  Draper, 
Andovcr,  Mass. 


PREFAC 


THE  history  of  this  little  volume  is  briefly 
told.     The  author  was  requested,  two  or  three 
years  since,  to  furnish  some  Communications 
for   the   "  Massachusetts    Teacher."      One    of 
the  Communications  furnished  was  a  series  of 
questions    on    the    first    seven    lines    of    the 
Aeneid,  and  another,  similar    questions  on  a 
few  lines  of  the  second  Book  of  the  Anabasis. 
These    questions    were    favorably   noticed   by 
several  publications,  and  copies  of  them  were 
requested  by  teachers  in  different  parts  of  the 
country.     From  various  sources,  too,  the  au 
thor  was  urged  to  extend  the  questions,  and 
put  them  into  an  accessible  form  for  general 
use.    The  result  is  now  given  to  the  public. 


A  ,t  O  O  t   £> 


IV  PREFACE. 

The  design  of  the  questions  is  to  give  illus 
trations  of  the  various  topics  of  investigation 
to  which  attention  is  to  he  directed,  and  to 
exhibit  some  of  the  methods  of  discussing 
them.  There  is  a  strong  tendency  among 
those  commencing  the  study  of  Latin  and 
Greek,  to  he  satisfied  with  a  few  of  the  more 
simple  and  more  general  principles,  and  to 
consider  the  mastery  of  these  as  embracing 
all  that  is  implied  in  the  study  of  the  classical 
languages.  These  questions  are  designed  to 
give  broader  views ;  to  spread  out  the  whole 
field,  and  show  how  much  is  to  be  done  in  it. 
No  point  that  pertains  to  the  fullest  acquaint 
ance  with  a  word,  or  sentence,  or  the  subject 
in  general,  should  be  neglected,  so  far  as  the 
advancement  of  the  student  has  qualified  him 
to  investigate  and  understand  it.  The  laws 
by  which  words  have  this  or  that  form ;  why 
they  drop  a  letter  here  and  assume  one  there, 
or  change  one  elsewhere ;  what  part  is  radical 


PREFACE. 


and  what  accessory;    is  the  word  regular  or 
irregular  in  its  formation ;  has  it  its  primary 
or   secondary  sense,  and   the   connection   be 
tween  the  one  and  the  other ;  is  it  simple  or 
compound,   primitive  or  derivative;    its  rela 
tion  to  other  words, — what   it  modifies  and 
what  modifies  it ;    and   the   sentence,  —  is  it 
independent  or  dependent,  substantive,  adjec 
tive,  or  adverbial;   is  its  position  natural  or 
inverted;    the  difference  between  the  several 
declensions  and  conjugations ;  why  this  mode 
and  tense  rather  than  another;  all  the  laws  of 
construction ;   the  circumstances  under  which 
the  treatise  was  written;   the  comparison  of 
Latin  with  Greek  idioms,  and  these  with  the 
English;    the  synonymes,  history,  biography, 
geography,   mythology;    the    logic,   rhetoric, 
poetry,  oratory,  — all  these,  with  many  other 
subjects,  are  to  be  made,  at  the  proper  stage, 
matters  of  careful  study. 

The  best   results    of   classical   study  come 

a* 


VI  PREFACE. 

only  from  this  broad  and  critical  survey  of 
the  whole  range  of  topics.  There  are  treas 
ures  in  the  mine,  but  it  must  be  patiently  and 
thoroughly  worked.  Such  a  method  is  slow 
at  first ;  but  it  gives  habits  of  close  observation 
and  analysis,  power  to  reason,  and  a  definite 
knowledge  of  fundamental  principles,  which 
in  the  end  will  make  the  progress  more 
rapid,  and  give  a  better  preparation  for  other 
courses  of  study. 

The  questions  are  put  from  various  points 
of  view :  some  are  difficult,  others  quite 
simple.  Some  are  general,  while  those  that 
follow  are  more  definite,  designed  to  explain  a 
preceding  one.  Some  take  the  most  abstract 
or  indefinite  form,  for  the  purpose  of  tasking 
the  discrimination  of  the  student.  One  often 
contains  the  answer  to  another.  Some  are 
almost  unavoidably  leading  questions  ;  while 
others  are  put  in  a  form  likely  to  mislead  the 
student  who  determines  the  answer  from  the 


PREFACE.  VII 

tone  of  the  question,  without  a  careful  study  of 
the  subject.  Sometimes,  too,  the  questions  are 
put  in  language  very  different  from  the  usual 
form,  with  the  view  of  breaking  up  a  merely 
mechanical  style  of  answers,  which  have  little 
significance  to  the  student's  mind.  Sometimes 
the  question  is  of  such  a  nature  that  it  at 
once  suggests  the  answer,  though  the  prin 
ciple  might  have  been  overlooked  by  the 
beginner  had  the  question  not  been  asked. 

Occasional  references  are  made  to  the  Gram 
mars, —  to  Andrews  and  Stoddard's  for  the 
Latin,  and  to  Kiihner's  Elementary  Grammar 
for  the  Greek,  —  the  figures  inclosed  in  paren 
theses  referring  to  the  sections  of  these  Gram 
mars.1  The  object  of  these  questions  did  not 
seem  to  make  the  additional  references  to 
several  other  excellent  Grammars  necessary. 

1  A  few  changes  were  made  in  the  last  edition  of  Kiihner's  Gram 
mar,  particularly  in  sections  8  and  11.  The  references  are  to  this 
edition. 


VIII  PREFACE. 

A  few  Notes  are  added  on  some  of  the 
questions,  for  the  convenience  of  those  who 
may  not  have  ready  access  to  the  requisite 
sources  of  information.  The  small  "  superior  " 
figures  refer  to  these  Notes. 

ANDOVEB,  Oct.,  1861. 


METHOD  OF  CLASSICAL  STUDY. 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  FIRST  FIVE  FABLES  OF 
THE   LATIN   READER. 


1.  ACCIP1TER  ET  COLUMBAE. 

COLUMBAE  milvii  metu  accipitrem  rogaverunt, 

AT  what  time  is  Aesop,  the  reputed  author  of  these  fables, 
supposed  to  have  lived?  Is  it  certain  that  the  fables  which 
bear  his  name  were  written  by  him  ?  Is  there  strong  evidence 
that  they  were  not?  Did  he  write  in  Greek,  or  Latin ?  Can 
it  be  known  certainly  who  was  the  author  of  these  fables  ? 

First  Fable.  In  what  different  cases  may  the  form 
columbae  be  found?  In  what  case  here?  How  deter- 
mined?  What  features  of  what  word  does  columbae  de 
termine  (209,  £)?  Case  of  milvii?  How  determined? 
Why  not  the  subject  of  rogaverunt  *  By  what  word  o-ov- 
erned?  Rule  (211)?  What  is  meant  when  it  is  said  to 
be  governed  by  metu?  What  influence  has  it  on  metu? 
Does  it  make  the  meaning  of  metu  more  or  less  general  ? 
What  is  the  design  of  the  termination-  or  inflection-endings 
of  these  nouns,  such  as  ae  in  columbae,  i  in  milvii,  and  u  ia 
metu,  etc.?  The  English  has  no  such  inflection-  or  case- 
1 


2'  '  QUESTIONS  ON  THE  FABLES. 

ut  eas  defenderet.     Ille  annuit.     At  in  colum- 

endings ;  how  is  the  defect  supplied  ?     How  can  this  be 
illustrated  in  the  translation  of  milvii  and  metu  ?  *     What 
would  be  the  full  form  of  metu?     Whence  comes  the  u 
(89,  K.  1.)  ?     By  what  principle  is  metu  put  in  the  Abl. 
(247)  ?     What  is  the  meaning  of  the  rule  ?     Does  it  imply 
that  metu  is  governed  by  any  word  ?  2     How  is  accipitrem 
governed?   Rule  (231)?  Verbs  of  asking  govern  two  accus 
atives,  what  other  accusative  does  rogaverunt  take  (231  H. 
3,  ft)  ?     What  would  be  the  full  or  regular  Gen.  of  accip- 
iter  ?     What  is  the  form  of  the  Gen.  used  ?     In  forming 
the   Gen.,  what  becomes  of  the  e  in  the  Norn.  ?     What 
is  the  e  before  the  m  in  accipitrem  ?     Has  it  any  mean 
ing  ?     Why  used  then  ? 3     What  the  m  ?     How  many  de 
clensions  in  the  first  four  words  ?   '  That  of  each  ?     What 
is  the  characteristic  of  a  declension  ?     What  part  of  roga 
verunt   is   root?4     What   is  v?     Subject   of   rogaverunt? 
What  is  the  connection  between  a  verb  and  its  subject 
(209,  ft)  ?     What  part  of  speech  is  ut  ?     What  is  the  office 
of  conjunctions   (198)?     What  does  ut   connect?     What 
does  it  denote  here,  purpose,  object,  or  result  ?     What  deter 
mines  the  number  and  gender  of  $as   ('206  and  N.  1)? 
What  determines  -its   case   (206)  ?     What  conjugation  is 
defenderet  ?     What  determines  the  conjugation  of  a  verb ! 
What  letter  is   dropped  in  the  third  root  of  defenderet? 
Why? 5     Why  in  the  subjunctive?     What  letter  inserted 
before  t  of  defenderet  would  make  it  third  Pers.  PL  ?     How 
else  can  ut  defenderet  be  translated  into  English  besides  that 
he  would  defend?     Can  ut,  with  the  subjunctive,  denoting 


QUESTIONS   ON   THE   FABLES.  3 

bare  receptus,  uno  die  majorem  stragem  edidit, 
quam  milvius  longo  tempore  potuisset  edere. 

• 

purpose,  or  object,  be  often  translated  into  English  by  to  with 
the  Inf.  ?     What  kind  of  a  pronoun  is  ilk  (134)  ?     Is  it 
properly   ever   a   substantive    personal    pronoun  ? 6     How 
many   substantive    personal    pronouns   are   there    (133)  ? 
What  are  they?     Is  "he  assented  "a  full  translation  of 
ille  annuit^     Why  not?     What  is  not  indicated  by  that 
translation?     Is  "he   assented"  right   as  far  as  it  goes? 
What  tense  is  annuit  ?     What  is  the  difficulty  in  determin 
ing  ?     In  what  two  places  can  it  be  made  ?     What  different 
cases  does  in  govern  ?     When  one,  and  when  the  other 
(235,  2)  ?    Declension  of  columbare  ?    Case  ?     How  deter 
mined?     Gender?     Rule  (66)  ?     What  is  the  Abl.  Sing. 
(82,  Exc.  1,  a)  ?      What  is  the  re  in  receptus  (196,  I)  ? 
Does  it  ever  stand  alone  ?    Composition  of  receptus  ?   What 
would  be  the  form  if  re  were  omitted,  —  ceptus  or  cap- 
tus  ?     What  participle  is  receptus  ?     What  different  partici 
ples  have  verbs  ?     How  many  active,  and  how  many  pas 
sive  ?     What  determines  the  gender  and  number  of  recep 
tus?     Rule  (205)?     In  what  two  cases  is  unus  irregular 
in  its  declension  ?     What  other  words   have  a  Gen.  like 
unus    (107)?     Declension   of   die?     Gender?     Same   in 
Sing,  and  PI.  ?     What  would  be  the  full  form  ? 7     Is  the  e 
long,  or  short  ?     How  comes  it  so  ?     By  what  principle  is 
die  in  the  Abl.  ?     What  would  be  the  unabbreviated  form 
instead  of  majorem  ?     What  becomes  of  n  of  the  positive  ? 
Of  g  ?     Doe,s  the  n  belong  to  the  root  ?     Gender  of  majo 
rem  ?     How  determined  ?     Why  not  by  its  form  (109  and 


4  QUESTIONS   ON  THE  FABLES. 

Fabiila  docet,  malorum  patrocinium  vitan- 
dum  esse. 

110)  ?  "What  peculiarity  has  edidit  in  its  second  root  (163, 
Rem.)  ?  How  many  simple  verbs  have  this  peculiarity  in 
Latin  ? 8  What  is  the  root  of  edidit  ?  What  is  the  root  of 
a  verb  (150,  1)?  We  call  quam  a  conjunction,  —  what 
part  of  speech  is  it  strictly,  and  in  what  case  ?  What  is  its 
office  here,  z".  e.,  what  does  it  connect  ?  What  relation  does 
the  clause  following  quam  sustain  to  the  preceding  one?9 
Comparative  and  superlative  of  longo  ?  What  is  the  object 
of  having  different  degrees  of  comparison  ?  When  the 
comparative  is  used,  how  many  objects  are  compared 
(122,  5)  ?  Does  the  use  of  the  superlative  determine 
how  many  objects  are  compared  (122,  6)  ?  Is  it  always 
more  than  two  ?  Root  or  stem  of  temper  e  ?  Norn.  ?  How 
is  the  stem  of  a  noun  of  the  third  Dec.  found  ? 10  Con 
struction  of  tempore  (236)  ?  Is  it  governed  by  any  word? 
Does  the  rule  mean  anything  more  than  that,  when  a  noun 
denotes  the  relation  here  indicated,  it  is  put  in  the  Ace.  or 
Abl.  case?  Composition  of  potuisset  (154,  R.  7)?  Full 
form  instead  of  potuisset  ?  If  the  Perf.  of  sum  is  fiti,  what 
would  be  the  full  Perf.  of  possum  ?  Why  does  the  first  s 
of  possum  become  t  in  the  Perf.  What  changed  the  t  of 
pot  to  s  in  possum1?  Is  there  any  such  influence  in  the 
Perf.  to  change  it  ?  Why  potuisset  in  the  subjunctive u 
(260,  II.)  ?  Government  or  construction  of  edere  (271)  ? 
What  is  meant  by  a  fable  ?  How  is  malorum  used  here 
(205,  R.  7,  1)  ?  How  compared  ?  What  connection 
between  the  positive  mains  and  the  forms  of  the  compara- 


QUESTIONS   ON   THE   FABLES.  5 

2.  MUS  ET  MILYIUS. 

Milvius  laqueis  irretltus  musciilum  exoravit, 

live  and  superlative?12  Construction  of  patrocinium 
(239)  ?  Of  what  is  patrocinium  the  subject-accusative  ? 
What  particle  must  the  English  supply  in  translating  the 
Ace.  with  the  Inf.,  which  is  not  expressed  in  Latin  (273)  ? 
What  case  does  the  Ace.  before  the  Inf.  become  in  English  ? 
After  what  class  of  verbs  is  the  Ace.  with  the  Inf.  used 
(272)  ?  What  is  the  force  of  the  Part,  in  dm  (274,  R.  8)  ? 
What  kind  of  a  conjugation  is  esse  vitandum  (1G2,  15)  ? 

Second  Fable.  Construction  of  laqueis  (247)? 
Does  the  rule  imply  that  this  and  words  similarly  con 
structed  are  governed  by  any  word,  or  that  the  nouns 
expressing  the  cause,  manner,  means,  etc.,  are  put  in  the 
Abl.  to  denote  these  relations  ?  Composition  of  the  verb 
from  which  irretitus  comes  ?  How  does  the  first  r  in  the 
word  originate 13  (196,  7)  ?  What  Part,  is  irretitus  ?  Has 
the  Latin  any  Perf.  Act.  Part.  ?  With  what  does  irretitus 
agree  ?  Rule  (205)  ?  What  kind  of  a  noun  is  musculum? 
From  what  is  the  diminutive  formed  ?  What  are  the  end 
ings  of  diminutives  (100,  3)  ?  What  part  of  exoravit  is 
simple  root?4  What  is  the  v?  i?  t?  Force  of  ex? 
When  is  ex  used  in  composition,  and  when  e  (195,  R.  2)  ? 
Is  exoravit  the  Perf.  definite  or  indefinite  ?  What  tenses 
follow  the  Perf.  indefinite,  or  historical  Perf.  (258,  2,  et 
seq.)  ?  What  does  ut  connect  ?  Rule  ?  In  what 
different  ways  can  ut  with  the  subjunctive  be  here  trans 
lated  ?  From  what  does  eum  come  ?  How  many  declen 
sions  in  is?  The  masculine  and  neuter  are  of  what 

1* 


6  QUESTIONS   ON   THE  FABLES. 

ut  eum,  corrosis  plagis,  liberaret.     Quo  facto, 

declension  ?  The  feminine  of  what  ?  Would  se  answer  as 
well  as  eum  here  ?  Why  not  (208)  ?  What  would  se 
mean  ?  From  what  verb  does  corrosis  come  ?  Composi 
tion  ?  How  does  the  first  r  originate  ? 13  What  letter  is 
dropped  in  the  second  and  third  root  of  the  verb  ?  5  Why  ? 
Declension  of  plagis  ?  Construction  ?  What  is  meant  by 
the  term  Abl  absolute?  What  relations  does  the  Abl. 
absolute  express  (257)  ?  What  is  the  relation  here  ? 
Corrosis  plagis  may  be  rendered  three  ways  :  "  the  nets 
having  been  gnawed,"  "having  gnawed  the  nets,"  "by 
gnawing  the  nets," — which  is  literal?  Which  the  best? 
In  what  feature  does  the  Latin  and  English  differ,  that,  in 
such  expressions  as  corrosis  plagis^  the  Perf.  Pass.  Part, 
may  generally  be  rendered  by  our  Perf.  Act.  Part.,  and  the 
Abl.  as  governed  by  it;  i.  e.,  "having  gnawed  the  nets?"1 
Does  the  a  in  liberaret  belong  to  the  root  or  not  ? 4  Do 
verbs  of  the  first  conjugation  exhibit  the  full  form,  or  is 
there  a  contraction?  Why  liberaret  in  the  subjunctive? 
If  exoravit  had  been  in  the  Pres.  tense,  in  what  tense 
would  liberaret  have  been  ?  What  is  the  principle  for  the 
connection  of  tenses  (258,  I.)  Is  quo  masculine  or  neuter  ? 
How  determined  (206,  13)  ?  Has  quo  here  the  same  force 
as  hoc  ? 15  What  is  the  difference  ?  How  may  the  differ 
ence  be  expressed  in  English  (280,  III.  1)  ?  Will  our 
particle  of  transition  now  indicate  it  ?  Construction  of 
quo  ?  What  relation  does  the  Abl.  absolute  express  here 
(257)  ?  Is  it  that  of  time  or  cause  ?  In  the  expression 
corrosis  plagis  above,  where  plagis  is  in  the  Abl.  absolute 


QUESTIONS   OX  THE  FABLES.  7 

milvius  liberatus  murem  arripuit  et  devoravit. 

with  the  Perf.   Pass.  Part.,  it  was  seen  that  it  could  be 
translated  into  English,  "  having  gnawed  the  nets,"  — can 
quo  facto  be  translated   « having   done  which   or  this "  ? 
Why  not  ?     Was  the  action  denoted  by  corrosis  plagis  per 
formed  by  the  same  agent  (the  mouse)  as  that  indicated  by 
hberaret  ?     But  was  the  action  denoted  by  quo  facto  per 
formed  by  the   same  agent  as  that  denoted  by  arripuit? 
Who  performed  the  act  denoted  by  quo  facto  ?     When, 
then,   can  a  Perf.  Pass.  Part.,  standing  in   the  Abl.  abso 
lute  with  a  noun  or  pronoun,  be  translated  into  English 
by  our  Perf.  Act.  Part.  ?  16      From  what  does  facto  come  ? 
What  is    the  Norn,  of    murem?     Root?     What   is    the  s 
in  mm  ?•"      What  influence  has  it  on  the  r  (mur)  of  the 
root?13    What  is  the  e/in  murem?     Them?     Does  murem 
denote   the   same   object  as  musculum?      Why  is    not   a 
specific  word  used  in  the  second  instance  as  well  as  in  the 
first  ?     Can  there  be  any  doubt  after  one  specific  designa 
tion  ?     Composition  of  arripuit?     Force  of  the   preposi 
tion?      By    what   principle    is    the    d  of    the    preposition 
changed   into   r19   (196,   2)?     Composition    of   devoravit? 
Force  of  de  ?     What  determines  the  gender  and  number 
of  haecf     Composition    of  ostendit?     What   becomes    of 
the  b  of  the  preposition  ?20     What  two  features  of  ostendit 
doesfabula  determine  ?     Rule  ?     What  letter  of  ostendit  is 
dropped  in  the  third  root,  and  why? 5     Does  quam  come 
from  quis  or  qui?     How  determined  (137,  1)  ?21      Ostendit 
is  a  transitive  verb,  —  what  does  it  govern  here  ?     May  a 
clause  or  sentence  stand  as  the  subject  or  object  of  a  verb  ? 


QUESTIONS   ON  THE  FABLES. 

Ilacc  fabiila  ostendit,  quam   gratiam   mail 
pro  beneficiis  reddere  soleant. 

3.  HOEDUS  ET  LUPUS. 

Hoedus,  stans  in  tecto  domus,  lupo  praeter- 

Is  such  sentence  declinable  or  indeclinable  ?  Government 
of  gratiam  ?  Mali  how  used  here  (205,  R*  7)  ?  What 
case  does  pro  govern  ?  What  two  cases  do  Latin  preposi 
tions  govern  ?  How  many  the  Ace.  (195,  4)  ?  How  many 
the  Abl.  (195,  5)  ?  Do  any  Latin  prepositions  govern 
more  than  one  case  (195,  C)  ?  What?  How  is  it  deter 
mined  which  case  is  to  be  used  (235)  ?  Why  are  prepositions 
so  called  (195,  R.  1)  ?  Composition  of  beneficiis  ?  Of  red 
dere  ?  Is  re  ever  found  alone  ?  W^hat  is  the  d  that  is 
sometimes  added  to  re  ?  What  is  meant  by  a  paragogic 
letter  (322,  G)  ?  When  is  d  added  (196,  b,  3)  ?  Why  ? 
Is  it  added  in  this  word  according  to  rule,  or  by  exception  ? 
What  peculiarity  in  the"  second  root  of  reddere  (163,  R.)  ? 
Upon  what  does  reddere  depend  (271)  ?  What  kind  of  a 
verb  is  soleant  (142,  2)  ?  Why  so  called?  Why  in  the 
subjunctive  ?  If  n  be  removed  from  soleant,  where  will 
the  word  be  made  ?  What,  then,  is  n  the  sign  of? 

Third  Fable.  Of  which  conjugation  is  stans? 
Perf.  Act.  of  its  verb  ?  What  two  irregularities  in  that 
tense  ? 22  Is  reduplication  common  in  Latin  ?  When  is 
the  vowel  of  reduplication  (/.  e.  the  vowel  after  the  first 
consonant  of  the  Perf.)  e  ? 23  Can  it  be  determined  whether 
tecto  is  in  the  Dat.  or  Abl.  here?  How?  Why  is  in 
here  followed  by  the  Abl.?  What  declension  is  domusf 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  FABLES.  9 

eunti    maledixit.      Cui  lupus,  "  Non  tu,"  in- 
quit,  "  sed  tectum  mihi  maledlcit" 

Is  it  of  more  than  one  declension  ?  Is  it  in  the  Nom.  or 
^  Gen.  ?  How  determined,  independent  of  the  mark  over  the 
Gen.  which  does  not  belong  to  the  word?  Is  there  any 
way  for  disposing  of  it  in  the  Norn.  ?  How  can  it  be  dis 
posed  of  in  the  Gen.  ?  i.  e.,  how  can  it.  be  parsed  ?  "Would 
the  Gen.  domi  have  been  as  proper  here  ?  Why  not  (89, 
«)  ?  The  ending  us  in  domus  is  a  contraction  from  what 
(89,  R.  1)  ?  In  what  case  is  lupo?  How  can  it  be  deter 
mined  whether  it  is  Dat.  or  Abl.  ?  Is  there  any  principle 
by  which  it  can  be  parsed  in  the  Abl.  ?  What  for  putting 
it  in  the  Dat.  (225)?  Composition  of  praetereunti  ?  When 
do  the  forms  of  eo  begin  with  e,  and  when  with  i  ?  24>  Is  it 
so  in  the  Pres.  Part.  ?  Why  not  ?  Would  the  form  ecns 
(two  e's),  be  as  euphonic  as  tens?  But  when  the  penult 
e  of  the  Norn,  changes  to  u  in  the  Gen.  etc.,  what  becomes 
of  the  *  that  was  in  the  Norn.  ?  Colhposition  of  maledixit  ? 
What  two  letters  form  the  x  (3,  2)  ?  Is  cui  from  quis  or 
quit  How  determined?  How  governed?  What  does 
non  qualify  ?  Rule  (277)  ?  Of  what  is  tu  the  subject  ? 
Can  it  be  the  subject  of  maledicit?  Why  not?  What 
has  determined  the  form  of  maledicit  (209,  R.  12,  7,  a)  ? 
When  two  nominatives  of  different  persons  are  subjects  of 
the  same  verb,  does  the  second  or  the  third  person  com 
monly  determine  the  form  of  the  verb  (209,  R.  12,  7)  ?  Is 
it  so  here  ?  What  kind  of  a  verb  is  inquit  (183,  2)  ?  Its 
subject  here  ?  What  is  its  general  position  in  introducing 
a  quotation  (279,  6)  ?  Saepe  how  compared  ?  What  pe- 


10          QUESTIONS  ON  THE  FABLES. 

Saepe  locus  et  tempus  homines  timldos  au 
daces  reddit. 

4.  GRUS  ET  PAVO. 

Pavo,  coram  grue  pennas   suas  explicans, 

culiarity  has  locus  in  the  PL  (92,  I.  2)  ?  What  are  such 
nouns  called  ?  Meaning  of  loca,  and  loci  ?  Stem  of  tem 
pus  ?  What  change  from  the  stem  takes  place  in  forming 
the  Nom.  ?  Where  does  the  stem  appear  ?  Stem  of  homi 
nes  ?  Construction  ?  What  other  Ace.  is  governed  by  the 
same  word  ?  Rule  (230)  ?  Which  word  is  the  Ace.  of  the 
object,  and  which  of  the  predicate  ?  Of  what  Dec.  is  tim- 
idos  ?  What  audaces  ?  How  many  endings  has  each  ? 
Stem  of  audaces  ?  How  from  the  stem  audac  is  the  Nom. 
audax  formed  ?  Origin  of  the  first  d  in  reddit  ?  Where  the 
vowel  of  the  reduplication  in  simple  verbs  is  e,  is  it  the 
same  in  compounds?  What  is  that  vowel  in  do?  What 
in  reddo  (compare  sto  a*d  conslo,  etc.)  ?  On  what  principle 
is  reddit  singular,  having  two  subjects  ? 

Fourth  Fable.  What  letter  in  the  stem  of  pavo  is 
rejected  in  the  Nom.  ? 23  Where  does  the  rejected  letter 
appear  ?  What  part  of  speech  is  coram  here  ?  Is  it  always 
a  preposition  ?  How  determined  to  be  here  ?  As  suas  re 
fers  to  pavo  why  is  it  not  singular  ?  When  an  adjective 
pronoun  agrees  with  a  noun  must  it  be  in  the  same  number 
as  the  noun,  whatever  be  the  number  of  the  word  to  which 
the  adjective  pronoun  refers  (205)  ?  Why  is  suas  used 
and  not  ejus  (208)  ?  Can  the  English  distinguish  by  the 
translation  the  difference  between  suas  and  ejus  ?  Pecu- 


QUESTIONS   ON  THE  FABLES.  H 

44  Quanta  est,"  inquit,  "  formositas  mea  et  tua 
deformitas  V      At  grus   evolans,  "  Et   quanta 
est,"  inquit,  "  levitas  mea  et  tua  tarditas !" 
Monet  haec  fabiila,  ne  ob  aliquod  bonum, 

liarity  in  the  second  and  third  roots  of  explicavit  ?  What 
is  the  form  of  the  Pres.  before  contraction  takes  place  ? 
Force  of  ex  in  composition  ?  Meaning  of  quantus  when  it 
agrees  with  a  noun  ?  When  it  is  in  the  neuter  gender  and 
governs  a  Gen.  ?  M  What  are  the  subjects  of  est  ?  Why 
not  in  the  PL  then  ?  How  does  the  e  in  est  come  from  the 
form  sum  ?2*  Stem  of  formositas  f  What  letter  excludes 
or  rejects  the  final  t  of  the  stem  ?  What  is  the  s  appended 
to  the  stem  ? ir  Why  does  mea  stand  after  formositas,  but 
tua  before  deformitas  ?  What  is  the  position  of  similar 
and  contrasted  words  in  a  sentence  ?  ^  Is  at  a  stronger  or 
weaker  adversative  than  sed  ?  Is  autem  stronger  or  weaker 
than  sed^  (198,  9,  R.  a)  ?  Force  of  e  in  evolans  ?  Why 
e  and  not  ex  ?  Stems  of  levitas  and  tarditas  ?  Does  the 
same  principle  hold  in  regard  to  the  position  of  mea  and 
tua  with  these  words  as  above  ?  Monet  being  a  transitive 
verb  governs  an  object  in  the  Ace.,  —  what  is  that  object 
here  ?  What  does  ne  connect  (278)  ?  Why  is  ne  used  here 
rather  than  non  (260,  R.  6,  a  and  5)  ?  How  is  aliquod  de 
clined  ?  Any  difference  between  aliquod  and  aliquid  (138, 
2,  b)  ?  Which  is  used  as  an  adjective  and  which  as  a  sub 
stantive  ?  Is  bonum  here  a  substantive  or  an  adjective  ? 
What  determines  the  gender,  number  and  person  of  quod 
(206)  ?  What  determines  its  case  ?  In  what  two  cases 
might  it  be  in  form  ?  What  is  the  case  of  nobis  ?  How 


12          QUESTIONS  ON  THE  FABLES. 

quod  nobis  natura  tribuit,  alios  contemnamus, 
quibus  natura  alia  et  fortasse  majora  dedit. 

5.  PAVO. 

Pavo  gravlter  conquerebatur  apud  Junonem, 

determined  ?  Is  there  any  principle  by  which  it  could  be 
disposed  of  in  the  Abl.  her«  ?  Is  nobis  the  direct  or  indi 
rect  object  of  tribuit  ?  What  is  the  direct  object  ?  Is  tri- 
buit  in  the  Pres.  or  Perf.  tense  ?  Can  that  be  determined 
by  the  form  ?  Is  alios  here  an  adjective  or  a  substantive  ? 
What  is  its  Gen.  Sing.  ?  Any  other  words  with  a  Gen. 
Sing,  in  the  same  form  ?  Why  contemnamus  in  the  sub 
junctive  (273,  2)  ?  Does  the  second  n  in  contcmnamus  be 
long  to  the  root  ?  '!0  Peculiarity  in  the  second  and  third  root 
of  the  word  ? 31  Why  is  the  p  inserted  in  these  two  roots  ? 
Antecedent  of  quibus  f  Of  what  person  is  it  ?  How  de 
termined  ?  From  what  positive  does  major  come  ?  Root 
of  the  positive  ?  What  has  become  of  the  n  of  the  posi 
tive  ?  What  of  the  g?  Whence  comes  the^'?32  Were 
the  *  andy  ever  expressed  by  the  same  sign  ?  Do  alia  and 
majora  agree  with  anything  here  ?  The  Pres.  of  dedit  ? 
When  is  the  vowel  of  the  reduplication  e  ? 

Fift h  Fable.  Comparison  of  graviter  ?  From  what 
adjective  formed  ?  Force  of  con  in  conquerebatur  ?  In  the 
Part,  conquestus,  what  becomes  of  the  r  of  the  Pres.  ?  ® 
Force  of  the  Impf.  conquerebatur  ?  Stem  of  Junonem  ? 
What  previous  word  like  it  ?  What  is  the  e  in  Junonem  ? 
The  m  ?  Construction  of  dominant  ?  What  is  its  office 
here  (204,  R.  1)  ?  Why  suam  and  not  ejus  ?  Is  quod  here 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  FABLES,         13 

dominam  suam,  quod  vocis  suavitas  sibi  negata 
esset,  dum  luscinia,  avis  tam  parum  decora, 
cantu  excellat.  Cui  Juno,  "  Et  merito,"  in- 

a  conjunction  or  a  relative?    What  was  it  originally  ?    What 
does  it  connect  here  ?     Stem  of  vocis  ?     How  from  the  stem 
is  the  Norn,  vox  formed  ?  M     What  is  the  i  in  vocis  ?    What 
word  does  vocis  define  or  explain?     When  it  is  said  to 
be  governed  by  suavitas  what  is  meant  ?     Is  sua  in  suavitas 
one  or  two  syllables  (9,  4)  ?     Why  sibi  and  not  ei  ?     Com 
position  of  nego  from  which  negata  esset  comes  ?    Why  esset 
in  the  subjunctive  ?     Is  quod  in  the  sense  of  because  always 
followed  by  the  subjunctive  ?    When  (266,  3)  ?    What  Eng- 
ligh  clause  can  be  inserted  after  quod  to  indicate  that  the 
sentiment  here  is  not  that  of  the  writer?     Would  "as  she 
said"  indicate  that  fact?     Can  a  clause  of  similar  import 
generally  be  inserted  where  the  statement  following  quod 
is  that  of  some  other  person  than  the,  writer?     Whose  sen 
timent  does  negata  esset  express  liere?     What  does  tam 
qualify?    What  parum?    How  is  parum  compared?     From 
what  verb  is  cantu  derived  ?    Of  which  declension  ?    Why 
Abl.?     Why  excellat  in  the  subjunctive?     For  the  same 
reason  as  negata  esset  ?     Can  '<  as  she  said  "  be  inserted  after 
dum  also,  as  after  quod  above  ?    Government  of  cui  ?    What 
does  merito  qualify,  —  a  word  in  this  sentence,  or  in  the 
preceding  one  ?     Rule  for  the  position  of  inquit  ?     What  is 
the  usual  position  of  enim  in  a  sentence  ?     Is  that  of  nam 
the  same  (198,  7,  R.)  ?    What  declension  is  omnia  f    £ona? 
Construction  of  bona  (239)  ?     On  what  does  the  Inf.  con- 
ferri  depend  (273,  4,  a,)  ?    Why  is  in  here  followed  by  the 

2 


14          QUESTIONS  ON  THE  TABLES. 

quit ;  "  non  enim  omnia  bona  in  tinum  conferri 
oportuit." 

Ace.  ?     Gen.  Sing,  of  unum  f    What  kind  of  a  verb  is  opor 
tuit  ?     What  is  meant  by  an  impersonal  verb  (184)  ? 


NEPOS. 

QUESTIONS   ON   THE   FIRST  CHAPTER   OF 
MILTIADES. 

MILTIADES,  Cimonis  films,  Atheniensis,  quum 

WHO  was  the  author  of  these  Lives.  Where  was  he 
born  ?  With  what  distinguished  literary  men  was  he  con 
temporary  ?  Did  he  write  anything  besides  these  Lives  ? 
Are  these  probably  in  the  form  he  wrote  them  ? 

Is  Miltiades  the  family  name,  as  when  we  say  Webster,  or 
the  personal  name,  as  when  we  say  Daniel?  Why  does  the 
name  Miltiades  stand  alone  with  no  other  name,  and  so 
Themistocles,  Aristides,  etc.,  while  the  persons  described  in 
the  two  last  Lives  of  Nepos  have  two  additional  names  : 
M.  Portius  Cato,  and  T.  Pomponius  Atticus  ?  Of  what 
nation  were  Miltiades,  Themistocles,  etc.,  Greek  or  Ro 
man  ?  Of  what  Cato  and  Atticus.  Had  the  Greeks  any 
family  or  surnames  ? L  How  was  it  with  the  Romans  ?  With 
which  of  the  names  Marcus  Portius  Cato  does  Miltiades 
correspond  ?  Would  it  be  proper  then  to  say,  in  speaking 
of  these  two  persons :  Was  Miltiades  superior  to  Marcus  ? 
Why  not  as  admissible  in  the  one  case  as  the  other  ?  Was 
the  name  Marcus  confined  to  Cato,  or  was  it  used  as  the 
name  of  others  also  ?  Was  the  same  true  to  any  extent  of 
Miltiades,  and  other  Greek  names  ? 


16  QUESTIONS   ON  NEPOS. 

et  antiquitate  generis,  et  gloria  majorum,  et 

Declension  ofMiltiades  ?  Construction  ?  Is  it  the  subject 
of  any  verb  ? 2  Root  of  Cimonis  ?  Government  ?  What  is 
meant  when  Cimonis  is  said  to  be  governed  \sy  jilius,  i.  e. 
what  is  the  office  of  this  Gen.  ?  Vocative  of  flius  ?  Is 
that  the  usual  form  of  the  Voc.  of  common  nouns  in  -ius 
(52)?  Construction  of  flius?  What  is  the  office  of  a 
noun  in  apposition  (204,  R.  1,  a)  ?  Is  Atheniensis  a  noun 
or  adjective?  How  constructed?  What  other  form  the 
same  as  quum  ?  How  is  cum  formed  from  quum  ? 3  What 
does  quum  connect  ?  Is  it  floreret  and  judicarunt,  or  floreret 
and  accidit  ?  What  is  the  office  of  et  before  antiquitate  ? 
Does  it  connect  anything?  What  would  be  lost  if  it  were 
omitted?  Would  the  statement  or  fact  be  different  if  et 
were  omitted  ? 4  How  can  its  force  be  expressed  in  Eng 
lish  ?  In  any  other  way  ?  To  what  word  is  et  after  quum 
related  ?  What  is  that  relation  ?  5  If  the  first  et  is  trans 
lated  both,  how  will  the  second  be  translated  ?  If  the  first, 
not  only,  how  the  second  ?  Would  good  Latin  usage  allow 
the  three  et's  to  be  omitted  here  ?  Could  the  first  two  be 
omitted  and  the  third  retained  ? 6  Derivation  of  antiqui 
tate  f  Root  ?  Nom.  how  formed  ?  Construction  of  an 
tiquitate  ?  Is  it  governed  by  any  word  ?  What  restricts 
or  defines  its  meaning  ?  Root  or  stem  of  generis  ?  What 
change  from  the  root  in  forming  the  Nom.  ?  In  what  case 
does  the  root  appear  ?  Does  the  Gen.  stand  before  or  after 
the  word  by  which  it  is  governed  ?  Can  any  uniform  rule 
be  given  for  its  position  ? 7  What  does  et  before  gloria  con 
nect  ?  Rule  ?  What  is  the  positive  of  majorum  ?  Root 


QUESTIONS   ON  NEPOS.  17 

sua  modestia  unus  omnium  maxime  florqret, 
eaque  esset  aetate,  ut  jam  non  solum  de  eo 

of  magnus  ?     Is  majorum  a  noun  or  an  adjective  ?     How- 
does  it  come  to  mean  ancestors  ?     What  word  is  understood 
with  it  ?     Origin  of  the  j  in  majorum  ?  8     Why  is  sua  used 
here  and  not  ejus  (208)?     Derivation  of  modestia?     Its 
meaning  here  ?     What  word  expresses  its  opposite  ?     Gen. 
of  unus  ?     What  other  words  have  the  same  form  in  the 
Gen.  ?     Force  of  unus  here  ?     What  word  is  strengthened 
by  it  (127,  N.  2)  ?     Upon  what  word  does  the  force  of 
omnium  fall,  i.  e.,  what  word  does  it  strengthen?     Upon 
what  word  does  the  combined  force  of  unus  omnium  fall  ?  9 
How  will  the  clause  be  translated  if  unus  omnium  is  omit 
ted  ?     How  if  omnium  ?     How  as  it  is  now  written  ?     Con 
struction  of  omnium?     Rule  (212)?     Could  omnium  be 
omitted  without  any  loss  to  the^expression  ?     The  origin  of 
x  in  maxime  ? 10     Of  which  conjugation  i^fioreret  ?     What 
determines  to  which  conjugation  a  verb  belongs  ?     How 
comes  the  penult  of  the  Inf.  Act.  of  the  second  conjugation 
to  be  long,  when  the  penult  e  of  the  Pres.  Indie,  (as  doceo, 
floreo,  etc.)  is  always  short?11     Why  Jloreret  in  the  sub 
junctive  (263,  R.  2)  ?     Why  in  the  Impf.  ?     Its  subject? 
Meaning  of  ea  here  ?     The  office  of  que  ?     How  differing 
from  et  (198,  II.,  1,  R.  a)  ?     Does  que  ever  stand  alone  ? 
What  is  it  called  then  (198,  N.  1)  ?     How  is  esset  formed 
from  sum?  12     Construction  of  aetate  (211,  R.  6)  ?     From 
what  noun  does  aetate  come  ?     The  Norn,  aetas  a  contrac 
tion  from  what  ?    What  does  ut  connect  ?     Is  it  always  fol 
lowed  by  the   subjunctive?     When  is  it   (262,  et  seq.)  ? 


18  QUESTIONS   ON  NEPOS. 

bene  sperare;  sed  etiam  confidcre  cives  possent 

Force  of  jam  ?     How  differing  from  nunc  (277,  R.  15)  ?  13 

In   the  formula  non  solum sed  etiam,  is  the  transition 

from  the  less  important  to  the  more  important,  or  the  re 
verse  (277,  R.  10)  ?  "What  is  the  formula  when  the  tran 
sition  is  from  the  greater  to  the  less  ?  Between  what  words 
does  de  show  the  relation  ?  What  is  the  office  of  preposi 
tions  (195)  ?  Bene  from  what  adjective,  —  benus  or  bonus  ? 
With  what  change  if  from  the  latter  ?  Why  is  bene  needed 
with  sperare  ?  Is  sperare  generally  taken  in  a  good  sense, 
i.  e.,  hoping  for  something  good  ?  Is  it  ever  used  in  the 
sense  of  fear  ?  May  the  idea  of  something  good  in  sperare 
be  strengthened  by  bene  ?  Whence  comes  the  a  in  sperare, 
and  why  long  ?  n  Composition  of  etiam  ?  Force  of  con 
in  confidere  ?  Does  this  verb  form  all  its  parts  regularly  ? 
What  kind  of  a  verb  is  it  (142,  2)?  Why  so  called? 
What  letter  is  dropped  in  the  third  root  ?  Is  d  regularly 
dropped  before  s  ?  Upon  what  do  sperare  and  confidere  de 
pend  ?  Rule  (271)  ?  Does  the  word  cives  here  mean  citi 
zens,  or  fellow-citizens  ?  Was  the  word  concivis  in  use-  in 
the  best  period  of  the  language  ?  Origin  of  the  first  s  in 
possent?  Why  possent  in  the  subjunctive?  Is  it  sufficient 
to  say  after  ut  ?  Why  not  ?  Is  such  a  rule  ever  admissible  ? 
Does  the  Indicative  also  occur  after  ut  ?  Is  it  any  rule  at 
all  then  to  say  that  a  verb  is  in  the  subjunctive  after  ut  ? 
What  rule  should  be  given  (2G2,  with  R.  1)  ?  What  two 
words  of  this  sentence  does  ut  connect  ?  What  is  the  n  in 
possent  ?  If  it  is  removed,  what  will  the  form  be  ?  Why 
sui  here  and  not  eorum  ?  With  what  does  talem  agree  ? 


QUESTIONS   ON  NEPOS.  19 

sui,  talem  futurum,  qualem  cognitum  judica- 
runt:  accidit,  ut  Athenienses  ChersoneSum  co- 

What  connection  has  futurum  with  sum  ?  What  is  under 
stood  with  it?  Is  esse  very  frequently  omitted  with  the 
Fut.  Inf.  ?  Upon  what  toesfuturum  [esse]  depend  ?  Rule 
for  the  Ace.  with  the  Inf.  here  (272)?  What  are  talis 
and  qualis,  and  words  similarly  related  called  (139,  5,  2)  ? 
What  is  the  proper  meaning  of  qualis  ?  When  talis  pre 
cedes,  how  is  qualis  to  be  translated  into  English  ?  Can  the 
second  correlative  (as  tantus,  quantus,  tot,  quot,  etc.)  be  us 
ually  so  translated?  Composition  of  cognitum  ?  Force  of 
the  preposition  ?  Whence  comes  the  g  ?  M  What  is  the 
root  of  the  last  part  of  the  compound  ?  The  origin  of  sc 
in  nosco  ? 1S  How  may  the  force  of  the  Perf.  Part,  cogni 
tum  be  here  expressed  ?  What  is  the  full  form  for  judica- 
runt?  When  may  such  contraction  take  place,  and  how 
(162,  7)?  Is  judicarunt  the  Perf.  definite  or  indefinite? 
Is  accidit  Pres.  or  Perf.  tense  ?  Any  difference  in  the 
form  ?  How  is  it  to  be  determined  then  ?  If  accidit  were 
Pres.,  according  to  the  rule  for  the  connection  of  tenses 
(258),  in  what  tense  would  vellent  be  ?  Vellent  being  in  the 
Impf.,  what  is  the  inference  as  to  the  tense  of  accidit  ? 
How  does  accidit  differ  from  evenit,  contingit  f  What  kind 
of  a  noun  is  Athenienses  (100,  2)  ?  What  does  a  patrial 
noun  denote?  How  are  patrials  formed  (128,  6)?  Are 
patrials  generally  nouns  or  adjectives  (100,  N.  3)  ?  What 
does  ut  before  Athenienses  connect  ?  Construction  of  Cher- 
sonesum  (237)  ?  But  is  this  the  name  of  a  town  or  of  a 
small  island  ?  Does  it,  however,  in  its  construction,  follow 


20  QUESTIONS   ON  NEPOS. 

lonos  vellent  mittere.  2.  Cujus  generis  quum 
magnuf  numerus  esset,  et  multi  ejus  demigra- 
tionis  peterent  societatem :  ex  his  delecti  Del- 

the  construction  of  small  islands  (237,  R.  5,  b)  ?  Is  it  proper 
to  say  that  it  is  governed  by  anything  ?  What  Chersonesus 
is  denoted  ?  Why  is  it  not  specified  ?  What  is  a  Cherso 
nese  ?  What  English  word  is  its  equivalent  ?  Composi 
tion  of  the  word  ?  Derivation  of  colonos  ?  What  would 
have  been  the  regular  form  instead  of  vellent  ?  By  what 
changes  is  this  form  obtained  (178,  R.)?  What  is  the  n 
in  vellent  ?  From  the  Pres.  mitto  how  comes  the  Perf. 
mlsi  ? 16  How  missum  ?  Why  does  cujus  stand  at  the  head 
of  the  sentence  ? 17  Derivation  of  generis  ?  Stem  from 
which  the  Nom.  is  formed  ?  What  change  for  the  forma 
tion  of  the  Nom.  ? 18  What  word  is  restricted  or  explained 
by  generis?  Whence  the  first  e  in  esset?  The  second 
s  ?  19  rpne  root.  o£  sum  from  wm*ch  esset  comes  ?  Why  the 
subjunctive  ?  Wherein  is  multi  irregular  in  its  comparison  ? 
Have  the  comparative  and  superlative  any  relation  to  the 
positive  in  form?  What  does  et  connect?  Rule  (278)? 
What  are  the  similar  constructions  here  ?  Force  of  the 
preposition  de  in  demigrationis  ?  How  is  the  relation  of 
this  Gen.  expressed  in  English  ?  Is  the  relation  of  the 
Gen.  always  denoted  by  o/?20  Peculiarity  in  the  second 
and  third  roots  of  peterent  ? a  What  kind  of  a  noun  is 
societatem  (26,  5)  ?  Derivation  ?  Stem  ?  What  rejects 
the  final  t  of  the  stem  ?  What  is  the  s  thus  appended  to 
the  stem  called  ?  Difference  between  e  and  ex  ?  What 
does  ex  show  the  relation  between  here  ?  By  what  eupho- 


QUESTIONS   ON   NEPOS.  21 

phos  deliberatum  missi  sunt,  qui  consulerent 
Apollinem,  quo  potissimum  duce  uterentur. 
Namque  turn  Thraces  eas  regiones  tenebant, 

nic  princi[)le  does  the  g  of  deligo  become  c  in  delecti?-* 
How  is  delecti  used  here  ?  Delphi  where  ?  Declension 
and  number  ?  For  what  celebrated  ?  Construction  ?  Com 
position  of  deliberatum  ?  In  its  primary  sense  ?  What 
part  of  speech  ?  Active  or  passive  ?  What  would  be  the 
Pass,  form  ?  By  what  principle  is  the  supine  used  here 
(276,  II.)  ?  What  part  of  sunt  is  root?  What  is  the  u? 
n?  t?  What  word  determines  three  features  of  qui  ? 
What  are  the  three  features  (206)  ?  What  two  features 
of  what  word  does  qui  determine  (209, 1)  ?  Why  consule 
rent  in  the  subjunctive  (264,  5)  ?  What  mode  of  expression 
could  be  substituted  for  qui,  giving  the  same  meaning? 
Grammatical  object  of  consulerent  ?  Stem  of  Apollinem  ? 
Norn.  ?  How  from  the  stem  is  the  Norn,  formed  ?  ^  Con 
struction  of  quo  ?  Has  it  any  antecedent  ?  Why  not  ? 
Is  it  a  relative  or  interrogative  pronoun  ?  Duce  from 
what  verb?  Stem?  Nom.  how  formed?24  Construction 
(204,  R.  1)?  Uterentur  why  in  the  subjunctive  (265)? 
What  letter  is  dropped  in  the  Perf.  Part,  of  utor  ?  On 
what  principle  ?  What  part  of  uterentur  exhibits  the  cor 
responding  mode  and  tense  of  the  Active  ?  What  is  the  u 
after  the  t  ?  What  the  r?25  Where  was  Thrace  ?  What 
place  is  referred  to  by  eas  regiones  ?  Force  of  the  Impf. 
tenebant  ?  How  else  could  cum  quibus  be  written  (241,  R. 
1)?  Antecedent  of  qiiibus?  Does  its  form  determine 
whether  it  is  Thraces  or  regio?ies  ?  Does  the  position  of 


22  QUESTIONS   ON  NEPOS. 

cum  quibus  armis  erat  dimicandum.     3.  His 
consulentibus  uominatim  Pythia  praecepit,  ut 

these  words  determine  which  is  the  antecedent  ?  How  can 
it  be  decided  ?  Construction  of  armis  ?  Different  applica 
tions  or  meanings  of  the  word  ?  Is  it  used  in  the  Sing.  ? 
Difference  between  it  and  tela  ?  Which  is  offensive  and 
which  defensive  weapons  ?  What  conjugation  is  erat  dimi 
candum  (162,  15)?  How  used  here,  i.  e.  what  is  its  sub 
ject  ?  What  class  of  verbs  is  always  used  impersonally  in 
the  passive  (142,  1)  ?  *  Why  ?  Why  does  his  stand  at 
the  beginning  of  the  sentence  ? 17  Construction  ?  Is  it  in 
the  Dat.  or  Abl.  ?  May  it  not  be  in  the  Abl.  absolute  with 
consulentibus  ?  Would  the  form  of  either  of  the  words  de 
termine  that?  What  does  determine  the  construction  of 
his  ?  By  what  principle  does  it  depend  on  praecepit  (223, 
R.  2)  ?  Meaning  of  consulo  when  it  governs  an  Ace.  (as 
consulo  te)  ?  When  it  governs  a  Dat.  (as  consulo  tibi)  ? 
Derivation  of  nominatim  ?  Nomino  from  what  ?  Nomen 
from  what  ?  What  connection  between  nomen  and  nosco  ? 
What  is  a  nomen?  Is  it  not  that  by  which  anything  is 
known?  Who  was  Pythia?  Derivation?  Is  the  word 
strictly  a  substantive  or  an  adjective  ?  Composition  of 
praecepit  ?  In  the  Pres.  what  change  takes  place  in  the 
last  part  of  the  compound  ?  How  is  the  e  in  praecepit  to 
be  explained,  it  being  i  in  the  Pres.  (172,  capio)  ?  What 
becomes  of  the  i  in  the  inflection  of  the  Pres.  Indie.  Act. 
and  Pass,  of  capio  ?  *  In  what  form  of  the  Pres.  Act.  and 
Pass.,  however,  is  the  i  retained  ?  Does  the  i  belong  to  the 
root  or  is  it  merely  a  strengthening  letter  ?  What  does  ut 


QUESTIONS   ON  NEPOS.  23 

Miltiadem  sibi  imperatorem  sumerent:  id  si 
fecissent,  incepta  prospera  futura.  4.  Hoc  or- 
aculi  response  Miltiades  cum  delecta  manu 

connect  ?  Why  is  it  here  followed  by  a  past  tense  and  not 
by  a  present  ?  Construction  of  sili  ?  What  kind  of  a  pro 
noun  is  it  ?  Is  it  singular  or  plural  ?  How  determined  ? 
To  what  does  it  refer?  Could  fis  be  substituted  for  it? 
Why  ?  Is  imperatorem  strictly  in  apposition  with  Miltia 
dem  ?  What  is  its  construction  (230)  ?  How  can  ut  with 
the  subjunctive  here  be  rendered?  Why  sumerent  in  the 
subjunctive  ?  Is  it  sufficient  to  say  that  it  is  in  the  sub 
junctive  after  ut?  Why  not?  Is  sumerent  a  simple  or 
compound  verb  ?  Origin  of  p  in  the  second  and  third 
root  ?  *  To  what  does  id  refer  ?  Why  in  neuter  gender 
(206,  13)  ?  What  does  si  connect?  In  oratio  recta,  in 
what  mode  and  tense  would  fecissent  have  been  (266,  2,  R. 
4)  ?  Does  the  word  here  express  past  or  future  time  ? 
What  relation  of  future  time  ?  What  relation  of  time  does 
the  action  of  fecissent  sustain  to  that  of  futura  ?  Do  they 
both  relate  to  future  time  ?  Which  is  prior  to  the  other  ? 
Composition  of  incepta?  Construction?  Is  it  Norn,  or 
Ace.  ?  Composition  of  prospera  ?  Is  it  an  attributive  or 
predicative  adjective.  What  is  understood  with  futura  ? 
Upon  what  does  the  Inf.  futura  [me]  depend  (270,  R.  2, 
b)  ?  In  what  mode  and  tense  would  it  have  been  in  oratio 
recta?29  Why  hoc  at  the  first  of  the  sentence  ?  Deriva 
tion  of  oraculi  ?  What  word  does  it  restrict  or  define  ? 
Derivation  of  responso  ?  Construction  (249,  II.)  ?  Is  it 
governed  by  any  word,  or  simply  put  iii  the  Abl.  to  denote 


24  QUESTIONS   ON  NEPOS. 

classe  Chersonesum  profectus  quum  accessisset 
Lemnum,  et  incolas  ejus  insulae  sub  potestatem 
redigere  vellet  Atheniensium,  idque  Lemnii 

the  relation  intended  ?  How  is  the  c  in  delecta  to  be  ex 
plained  ?  ^  Gender  of  manu  ?  Is  that  the  gender  of  most 
nouns  in  us  of  the  fourth  Dec.  (87)  ?  Primary  meaning 
of  classe  ?  Since  the  word  Chersonesus  has  a  general  mean 
ing  (a  Chersonese  or  peninsula),  how  can  it  be  determined 
what  particular  place  is  meant  ?  By  what  principle  in  the 
Ace.  ?  From  what  verb  does  profectus  come  ?  Compo 
sition  of  proficiscor?  What  syllable  is  inserted  in  the 
Pres.  ?  ^  In  what  parts  of  the  verb  is  that  syllable  re 
tained  ?  When  is  sc  and  when  isc  inserted  in  the  Pres.  ? 
What  does  quum  connect  ?  Origin  of  the  first  of  the  two 
c's  and  the  first  of  the  two  s's  in  accessisset  (196,  2  and  171, 
3)  ?  Why  accessisset  in  the  subjunctive  (263,  5,  R.  2)  ? 
In  what  sea  was  Lemnos,  and  in  what  part  ?  Construction 
of  Lemnum  ?  What*  does  et  connect  ?  Rule  ?  Composi 
tion  of  incolas  ?  What  cases  does  sub  govern  ?  When  one 
and  when  the  other  (235,  2)  ?  Derivation  of  potestatem  ? 
Stem  ?  Norn.  ?  What  rejects  the  t  in  the  Norn.  ?  What 
kind  of  a  noun  is  potestatem,  abstract  or  concrete  (26,  5)  ? 
Composition  of  redigere  ?  What  is  the  d,  and  why  used  here 
( 196,  5,  3)  ?  Does  the  a  of  ago  always  become  i  in  compo 
sition,  as  here  (172,  ago)  ?  Government  of  redigere  (271)  ? 
Why  vellet  in  the  Impf.,  while  accessisset  is  Plupf.  ?  Origin 
of  the  second  /  in  vellet  ?  To  what  does  id  refer  ?  Why 
neuter  ?  What  does  que  after  id  connect  ?  Why  sua  and 
not  eorum?  Construction  of  sponte?  Is  sua  sponte  or 


QUESTIONS   ON   NEPOS.  25 

sua  sponte  facerent,  postulasset:  5.  illi  irri- 
clentcs  responderunt,  turn  id  se  facturos,  quum 
ille,  domo  navibus  proficiscens  vento  aquilone, 

sponte  sua  used  indifferently  ? 31    On  what  principle  is  face- 
rent  in  the  subjunctive  ?    What  connective  is  omitted  before 
it  ?     With  words  of  what  signification  is  ut  omitted  (262, 
R.  4)  ?     Full  form  of  postulasset  ?     How  does  the  synco 
pation  take  place  (162,  7,  a)?     Why  in  postulasset  doos 
the  writer  return  again  to  the  Plupf.  ?     What  is  its  gram 
matical  object  ?     Why  subjunctive  ?     Composition  of  irri- 
dentes  ?     On  what  principle  is  the  n  of  in  changed  into  r 
(196,  7)  ?     Does  in  when  compounded  with  a  verb  have  a 
negative  or  intensive  force?32     What  when   compounded 
with  an  adjective  ?     What  word  does  turn  qualify  ?     With 
what  word  is  it  correlative  ?     Does  the  English  generally 
use  two  such  words,  or  does  it  omit  the  antecedent  one,  i.  c. 
does  it  say  then  —  when,  or  simply  when,  where  the  clauses 
arc  near  together  ?     Why  se  and  not  eos  ?     Construction  of 
se  ?     What  class  of  verbs  have  an  Ace.  with  an  Inf.  after 
them  (272)?     What  is  understood  with  facturos  ?     What 
Inf.  is  facturos  [me]  ?     What  form  would  facturos  take  in 
oratio  recta?3*     Construction  of  domo  (255,  R.  1)?     Of 
what  two  declensions  is  domus  f     Construction  of  navibus 
(247)?     Origin  of  v  in  it?     In  proficiscens  how  much  is 
root  ?     What  syllable  is  inserted  ?     As  proficiscor  has  no 
active  form,  how  is  the  existence  of  a  Pres.  Act.  Part,  pro- 
fciscens  to  be  explained  ?     Have  deponent  verbs  generally 
all  the  participles  (161)?     Construction  of  vento?    What 
wind  is  meant  by  aquilone  ?     Is  the  first  e  in  venisset  long 
3 


26  QUESTIONS   ON   NEPOS. 

venisset  Lemnum.  Hie  enim  vcntus,  ab  scpten- 
trionibus  oriens,  adversum  tenet  Athenis  pro- 
ficiscentibus.  6.  Miltiades,  morandi  tempus 
non  habcns,  cursum  dircxit,  quo  tcndebat,  per- 
venitque  Chersonesum. 

or  short  ?  By  what  principle  is  it  so  (284,  Exc.  1)  ?  Why 
venisset  in  the  subjunctive  ?  What  mode  and  tense  would 
it  be  in  oratio  recta  ?  How,  then,  would  id  se  facturos, 
quum  venisset  Lemnum  stand  in  oratio  recta  ?  In  what  per 
son  would  each  of  the  verbs  be  ?  Usual  position  of  enim 
in  a  sentence  (198,  7,  R.  a)  ?  Nam  ?  Difference  between 
nam  and  enim  ?  What  does  ab  show  the  relation  between  ? 
What  meaning  has  it  with  verbs  of  rest  ?  Can  it  be  trans 
lated  by  in  here?  But  does  in  express  the  view  as  it 
lay  in  the  mind  of  a  Roman,  or  is  it  merely  the  English 
mode  of  expression  ?  How  does  septentriones  come  to  sig 
nify  the  North  ?  What  is  the  primary  meaning  ?  Where 
was  the  constellation  denoted  by  the  word  ?  Composition  ? 
By  what  principle  does  the  m  of  septem  (the  first  part  of 
the  compound)  become  n  1 34  From  what  does  oriens  come  ? 
How  can  oriens,  an  active  participle,  come  from  a  verb 
which  has  no  active  form?  With  what  does  adversum 
agree  ?  Construction  of  Athenis  ?  Is  it  governed  by  any 
word  ?  Is  it  used  in  the  singular  ?  From  what  does  mo 
randi  come?  Do  deponent  verbs  have  the  gerunds  and 
Fupines  as  well  as  all  the  participles  (1G1  and  paradigm)? 
Composition  of  direxit  ?  The  elements  which  form  the  x 
(171,  1)?  Why  tendebat  in  the  Impf.,  while  direxit  and 
pcrvenit  arc  in  the  1'erf.  ? 


CICERO. 

QUESTIONS  ON  THE  FIRST  CHAPTER  OF  THE 
FIRST   ORATION  AGAINST   CATILINE. 

QUOUSQUE  tandem  abutere,  Catilina,  patien- 

"What  is  the  full  name  of  Catiline  ?  "What  part  of  the 
name  was  Lucius  ?  What  Sergius  ?  Was  he  a  patrician  or 
plebeian  ?  Had  he  in  any  way  been  connected  with  Sulla? 
What  had  been  the  effect  of  Sulla's  career  upon  him  ?  Is 
it  likely  that  he  would  have  attempted  the  conspiracy  if  he 
had  not  been  familiar  with  Sulla's  character  and  success  ? 
Had  he  held  any  offices  in  the  state  ?  What  ?  What  had 
been  his  conduct  in  Africa  ?  In  what  year  did  he  return 
to  Rome  ?  For  what  purpose  ?  Was  he  a  candidate  for 
the  consulship  the  next  year  after  his  return  ?  Why  not  ? 
Of  what  crime  had  he  been  accused  ?  Was  he  acquitted  ? 
By  what  means  ?  Had  he  been  guilty  of  any  more  private 
crimes  ?  Were  his  associates  in  the  conspiracy  rich  or  poor  ? 
What  was  the  chief  object  of  the  conspiracy  ?  Was  the 
wealth  at  this  time  in  the  hands  of  the  many  or  the  few  ? 
Were  the  revolutionists  mostly  in  debt  ?  Were  any  of  them 
of  patrician  rank  ? 

Was  Cicero  of  patrician  or  plebeian  rank?  Was  lie 
popular  with  the  nobility?  At  what  age  did  he  deliver 
this  oration  ?  What  office  did  he  hold  at  the  time  ?  How 


28  QUESTIONS   ON   CICERO. 

tia  nostra?     Quamdiu  ctiam   furor  iste  tuus 

long  had  he  held  it?  "Who  was  the  other  consul  the  same 
year  ?  Had  Catiline  been  a  candidate  for  the  same  office 
that  year  ?  Did  he  come  near  an  election  ?  In  what  year 
B.  C.  was  this  oration  delivered?  What  month?  What 
day  of  the  month  ?  Before  the  senate  or  the  people  ?  In 
what  place  was  the  senate  convened  ?  Was  that  the  usual 
place  ?  Why  the  change  at  this  time  ?  What  two  circum 
stances  explain  the  abruptness  with  which  the  oration  com 
mences  ?  Cicero's  feelings  having  been  long  exasperated 
by  the  course  of  Catiline,  and  long  restrained,  how  would 
he  be  likely  to  speak  when  the  restraint  was  removed  ?  Did 
Cicero  expect  that  Catiline  would  be  present  that  day  at 
the  meeting  of  the  senate  ?  What  effect,  then,  would  the 
effrontery  of  his  unexpected  appearance  have  upon  the  style 
of  the  orator  ?  Is  this  properly  an  oration  or  an  invective  ? 
Composition  of  quousquc  ?  Of  tandem  ?  By  what  prin 
ciple  does  m  of  tarn  become  n  ? l  What  is  the  dem  ? 2  What 
is  the  office  of  tandem  here,  or  what  does  it  add  to  the  ex 
pression  ?  When  does  it  give  emphasis  to  the  expression 
with  which  it  is  connected  ? 3  What  other  form  could  be 
used  besides  abutere  ?  Is  the  form  in  -re  usual  in  the  sec 
ond  Pers.  Pres.  Indie.  Pass.  (162,  3)  ?  Why  not  ? 4  Force 
of  ab  in  abutere  f  How  had  Catiline  trifled  with  or  tram 
pled  upon  their  patience  ?  Had  the  forbearance  of  the 
senate  corrected  or  increased  his  reckless  spirit  ?  Deriva 
tion  of  patientia  ?  Primary  meaning  ?  Who  is  meant  by 
nostra,  Cicero  merely,  or  the  senate  and  consuls  ?  Compo 
sition  of  etiam  ?  Force  and  meaning  ?  Does  it  simply 


QUESTIONS    ON    CICERO.  29 

nos  eludcf?      Quern  ad  finem   scse  effrenata 

append  an  additional  consideration  (moreover,  also),  or  has 
it  a  relation  of  time  (still,  yet)  ?  What  peculiar  fitness  has 
the  word/wror  here  ?5  From  what  is  the  picture  or  figure 
indicated  by  eludet  derived  ? G  To  what  expedient  of  the 
gladiator  to  avoid  the  blow  of  his  antagonist  is  there  refer 
ence  ?  Composition  of  iste  ? 7  What  principle  is  observ 
able  in  the  position  of  iste  and  tuus  ? 8  Iste  how  differing 
from  ilk  or  is  (207,  R.  25  and  2G)  ?  Has  it  primarily 
cither  a  good  or  a  bad  sense?  What  circumstance  has 
given  it  often  a  bad  sense  (207,  R.  25)  ?  °  To  what  person 
does  it  generally  refer  ?  Can  the  English  distinguish,  in 
translation,  between  is  and  ille,  except  by  a  periphrasis? 
Can  the  distinction  be  made  in  the  passage  here  ?  Second 
and  third  root  of  eludet  ?  What  becomes  of  the  d  in  these 
roots  ?  Does  quern  come  from  quis  or  qui  f  What  is  the 
general  difference  between  quis  and  qui  as  interrogates  ? 10 
Does  quern  ad  finem  refer  to  place  or  time  ?  Does  it  mean 
anything  different  from  quamdiu?  Does  it  always  have 
this  latter  signification  in  Cicero  ?  n  What  peculiarity  in 
the  form  of  sese  (133,  R.  2)  ? 12  What  is  the  object  of  that 
peculiarity?  Is  any  other  case  reduplicated  besides  the 
Ace.  ?  Were  any  other  words  than  sese  at  any  period  of 
the  language  reduplicated?  Has  sese  any  Nom.  ?  Why 
not  ?  Composition  of  effrenata  ?  Origin  of  the  first  f 
(19G,  6)  ?  From  what  is  the  metaphor  implied  in  this 
word  derived?  Hoot  of  jactabit?  What  is  the  b?  i?  t? 
What  kind  of  a  verb  is  jacto  ?  From  what  simple  verb  ? 
Of  which  conjugation  are  frequentative  verbs  (187,  II.  1, 


80  QUESTIONS   ON   CICERO. 

jactabit  audacia  1     Nihilnc  te  nocturnum  prao 
sidium  Palatii,  nihil  urbis  vigiliae,  nihil  timor 

a)  ?  What  do  such  verbs  denote  ?  Derivation  of  audacia  ? 
What  letters  are  added  to  the  root  of  the  adjective  to  form 
the  noun  ?  Are  Juror  and  audacia  here  used  as  abstract 
qualities,  or  are  they  personified  (324,  34)  ?  Composition 
of  nihil  f  Meaning  of  each  part  ?  Is  it  a  substantive  or 
adjective  ?  In  what  case  ?  By  what  principle  (231,  R.  5)? 
What  is  the  ne  appended  to  nihil  (198,  II,  R.  c)  ?  What 
is  its  usual  place  (279,  3.  c)  ?  Does  it  ever  stand  alone  ? 
What  kind  of  a  question  is  asked  by  ne  ? 13  The  govern 
ment  of  te  ?  Why  is  the  verb  by  which  it  is  governed  re 
moved  to  the  end  of  the  sentence,  and  so  far  from  the  case 
it  governs  ?  If  this  is  done  for  the  sake  of  emphasis,  how 
does  such  an  arrangement  promote  emphasis  ? 14  Root  of 
nocturnus  ?  What  is  the  remainder  of  it  ?  To  what  part 
of  speech  is  it  here  equivalent  (205,  R.  15)  ?  Composition 
of  praesidium  ?  Literal  meaning  ?  What  was  the  Pala- 
tium  ?  What  was  the  situation  and  character  of  this  hill  ? 
Why  was  the  guard  upon  the  Palatine  now,  rather  than  on 
any  other  hill  ? 15  What  English  word  derived  from  Pala- 
tium  ?  Why  is  nihil  repeated  in  the  successive  clauses  of 
this  sentence  ?  What  is  the  figure  by  which  such  a  repeti 
tion  is  designated  (324,  13)  ?  Derivation  of  urbis  *  Why 
should  it  be  derived  from  orbs  ?  Were  the  cities  in  a  cir 
cular  form  ? ir>  Difference  between  timor  and  metus  ?  To 
what  is  timor  opposed?  Primary  meaning  of  the  word 
from  which  vigiliae  is  derived?  By  what  authority  were 
watches  posted  throughout  the  city  ? 17  Was  there  any  stand- 


QUESTIONS   OX   CICERO.  £1 

populi,  nihil  concnrsiis  bonorum  omnium,  nihil 
hie  munitissimus  habcndi  scnatus  locus,  nihil 

ing  police  in  the  time  of  the  republic  ? 18  Where  was  this 
oration  delivered?  At  the  foot  of  what  hill  did  that  temple 
stand  ?  19  Composition  of  concursus  ?  The  first  and  second 
root  of  the  word  from  which  it  comes  has  two  r's,  why  not 
the  third  ?  What  English  word  from  it  ?  Meaning  ?  Docs 
it  mean  merely  a  running  together,  or  is  there  the  idea  of 
trembling  or  anxiety  connected  with  it  here  ?  What  con 
nection  between  the  positive  bonus  and  its  comparative  and 
superlative?  Any  in  form  ?  Do  the  comparative  and 
superlative  come  from  bonus  as  a  root,  or  merely  supply  its 
defective  parts  ?  Who  are  meant  by  bonorum  ?  Does  the 
word  have  reference  to  moral  qualities,  or  does  it  simply 
denote  patriots,  the  friends  of  the  state  ?  Are  bonorum  and 
omnium  of  the  same  Dec.  ?  That  of  each  ?  Why  hie  and 
not  Hie?  Derivation  of  &  munitissimus  ?  What  place  is 
meant  by  hie  locus  ?  w  Why  was  that  place  said  to  be  mu 
nitissimus  1  Was  it  merely  because  the  Palatine  hill,  at  the 
foot  of  which  was  the  temple  of  Jupiter  Stator,  was  forti 
fied,  or  because  that,  in  addition  to  this,  Cicero  had  posted  a 
force  around  the  temple  ?  Is  habendi  a  gerund  or  gerund 
ive  ?  How  can  'this  be  determined  ?  What  would  be  the 
form  of  scnatus  if  habendi  were  a  gerund  ?  Can  there  be 
any  doubt,  then,  whether  habcndi  is  a  gerund  or  gerundive. 
Has  senatus  any  other  form  in  the  Gen.  (89,  R.  2)  ?  Der 
ivation  of  senatus  ?  Why?  What  was  the  senatorial  age 
at  this  time  ?  How  low  was  it  at  a  later  period,  in  the  time 
of  Augustus?  What  kind  of  a  noun  is  locus  (34,  R.  2)? 


82  QUESTIONS    OX   CICERO. 

liorum  ora  vultusque  moverunt  1     Patere  tua 
consilia  noil  scntis  I     Constrictam  jam  horum 

Peculiarity  in  the  PL  ?  Different  signification  of  the  two 
forms  (92,  I.  2)  ?  Difference  between  ora  and  vultus  ? 
Derivation  of  vultus  ?  How  is  it  allied  to  volo  in  meaning? 
What  is  the  que  appended  to  vultus  ?  Does  it  ever  stand 
alone  ?  How  does  it  differ  from  et  (198,  R.  a)  ?  Is  the  o 
in  moverunt  long  or  short  ?  How  is  it  in  the  Pres.  ?  By 
what  principle  long  in  the  Perf.  (284,  Exc.  1)?  What 
other  form  of  the  third  Pers.  PI.  Perf.  Indie.  Act,  be 
sides  the  one  here  given?  Which  is  used  by  the  best 
prose  writers  ?  Does  the  form  in  -ere  for  -erunt  occur  in 
Cicero  ? 21  Is  moverunt  Perf.  definite  or  indefinite  ?  Any 
thing  to  determine  this  but  the  connection  ?  The  e  in  pateo 
is  short,  how  long  in  pattre  ?  22  Upon  what  does  patcre  de 
pend  ?  What  class  of  verbs  take  an  Inf.  with  fi  subject 
Ace.  (272)?  What  is  the  subject  Ace.  here?  Would 
vcstra  answer  here  for  tua  ?  Why  not  ?  What  is  the  force 
of  a  question  introduced  by  non?'*  How  was  Catiline  to 
see  that  his  purposes  were  comprehended  ?  By  the  prae- 
sidium  Palatii,  urbis  vigiliae,  etc.  ?  The  i  in  sentio  is  short ; 
is  it  long  or-  short  in  sentts?  How  made  long?24  Which 
conjugation  is  sentio  ?  Is  it  so  in  the  second  and  third 
roots  ?  Which  conjugation  does  it  follow  in  these  roots  ? 
What  becomes  of  the  t  in  the  same  roots  ?  What  occasions 
the  dropping  of  it  ?  Why  is  not  the  subject  of  sentis  ex 
pressed  ?  Can  it  be  omitted  in  English  ?  Why  not  ?  Force 
of  con  in  constrictam  ?  Why  does  the  n  in  the  first  root 
disappear  in  the  third  ?  Is  it  like  the  n  in  sino,  etc.,  dropped 


QUESTIONS   ON   CICERO.  83 

omnium  conscientia  teneri  conjurationem  tuam 

because  it  does  not  belong  to  the  root,  or  to  prevent  the 
accumulation  of  three  consonants  ?  How  can  it  be  deter 
mined  whether  the  n  of  this  word  belongs  to  the  root?  Is 
the  n  found  in  the  second  root  ?  Does  that  determine  the 
matter  ?  Is  the  n  in  sino  found  in  the  second  root  as  in  that 
of  constringo  ?  Are  the  two  cases  parallel  then  ?  By  what 
principle  does  the  g  in  constringo  become  c  in  constrictam  ? IJS 
Constrictam  being  a  Perf.  Pass.  Part,  has  the  general  mean 
ing  of  having  been  bound;  by  what  usage  of  the  language, 
then,  can  it  be  translated  bound,  or  being  bound,  not  express 
ing  past  time  ?  What  idea  or  relation  accompanies  the 
Perf.  definite  besides  that  of  a  past  act  ? 2G  Does  constric 
tam  here  denote  the  past  act,  or  the  present  state  and  con 
dition  ?  Docs  the  state  or  condition  sufficiently  imply  the 
past  act?  From  what  is  the  metaphor  in  constrictam 
drawn?27  What  is  meant  by  the  metaphorical  use  of  a 
word  (324,  1,  a)  ?  In  what  condition  is  the  conspiracy 
represented  by  the  word  constrictam  f  By  what  means  is 
it  constrictam  teneri  f  Anything  beyond  the  fact  that  it  is 
fully  understood  ?  What  word  then  describes  the  means  by 
which  its  power  is  checked  ?  In  what  case  is  conscientia  ? 
By  what  principle  ?  What  word  is  defined  or  restricted  by 
it  ?  By  what  word  is  conscientia  restricted  ?  What  word 
defines  horum  more  fully  ?  Difference  between  conscientia 
and  scientia  ?  Does  conscientia  imply  that  the  knowledge 
belongs  to  more  than  one  person,  and  is  shared  with  others  ? 
What  part  of  the  word  implies  the  sharing  of  the  knowl 
edge  ?  Does  scientia  necessarily  imply  this  ?  Composition 


84  QUESTIONS   ON   CICERO. 

non  vides  1  Quid  proximo,,  quid  supcriore  nocte 
egeris,  ubi  fueris,  quos  convocaveris,  quid  con- 

of  conjurationem  ?  Etymological  meaning  ?  How  has  it 
acquired  a  bad  sense  ?  Is  its  position  more  or  less  emphatic 
than  if  it  stood  with  constrictam  ?  How  more  ?  Does  the 
mere  suspense  in  which  the  mind  is  kept  as  to  the  word  to 
which  constrictam,  etc.,  belongs,  till  conjurationem  is  pro 
nounced  or  seen,  increase  the  emphasis  of  the  expression  ? 
Why  non  here  rather  than  nonne  ?  ~s  How  docs  video  com 
pare  in  signification-  with  cerno,  speclo,  etc.  ?  What  becomes 
of  d  in  the  third  root  of  video  ?  Why  ?  Is  the  e  in  vides 
long  or  short?  Why?29  Why  quid  rather  than  quod? 
What  is  the  positive  of  proximo  ?  How  is  the  superlative 
proximus  obtained ?  How  the  x?  What  positive  must  be 
assumed  to  account  for  the  superlative?30  What  night  is 
meant  by  prozima  nocte  ?  May  proximus  denote  either 
what  is  past  or  future  ?  Which  here  ?  If  the  oration  was 
delivered  on  the  8th,  proximo,  nocte  would  be  the  night  of 
what  day  ?  Two  forms  of  the  superlative  of  superior  ? 
How  is  the  form  summus  obtained  from  supremus  ? 31  Stem 
of  nocte  ?  Norn,  how  formed  from  the  stem  ?  What  re 
jects  the  t  from  the  Nom.  ?  "What  is  that  s  ?  Construction 
of  nocte  ?  Is  it  proper  to  say  that  it  is  governed  by  any 
thing  ?  What  night  is  referred  to  by  superiore  nocte  t 
What  was  done  on  that  night  ?  At  whose  house  was  the 
meeting  held  (see  chap.  4)  ?  From  what  does  egeris  come  ? 
By  what  principle  is  a  in  ago  changed  into  e  in  the  Per 
fect  ?  Is  the  e  long  or  short?  How  made  so?  What 
Greek  analogy  explains  the  change  from  a  to  e,  as  well  as 


QUESTIONS   ON  CICERO.  85 

silii  ceperis,  quern  nostrum  ignorarc  arbitraris  ] 

the  quantity  of  the  e  ? 33     Why  is  egeris  in  the  subjunctive  ? 
Are  such  subjunctives  to  be  translated  into  English  by  cor 
responding  subjunctives  ?     What  kind  of  propositions  are 
quid  egeris,  ubi  fueris,  quos  convocaveris,  quid  consilii  cep 
eris  f    What  is  meant  by  a  substantive  proposition  or  clause  ? 
In  what  case  are  these  substantive  propositions  or  clauses, 
and  by  what  governed?      Ubi  being  a  conjunctive  adverb, 
what  does  it  connect?     What  connection  has  fueris  with 
sum  ?     Any  in  form  ?     From  what  obsolete  word  is  fueris 
derived  (154,  R.  2)  ?     Any  other  parts  of  that  word  in  use 
besides  fui  and  its  derivatives  (154,  R.  3)  ?     From  what 
does  quos  come,  quis  or  qui  ?    How  determined  ?    In  convo- 
caveris  how  much  is  verb-root  ?     What  is  the  last  v  ?     The 
e  following  it  ?    Construction  of  consilii  (212,  R,  3)  ?    Have 
nouns  in  -ius  and  -ium  any  other  form  of  the  Gen.  besides 
that  in  -ii  (52)  ?  &     Construction  of  quern  ?     By  what  prin 
ciple  does  the  Ace.  with  the  Inf.  occur  here  (272)  ?     What 
is  the  word  here  on  which  the  Inf.  depends  ?     What  is  its 
subject?     Full  form  instead  of  nostrum  (133,  3)?     Gov 
ernment  of  (212,  R.  2)?     Could  the  Gen.  PI.  nostri  be 
substituted  for  nostrum  here  ?     Why  not  (212,  R.  2,  N.  2)  ? 
Composition  of  ignorare^     What  word  does  the  i  represent 
(196,  7)  ?     Why  is  n  dropped?     Would  the  three  conso 
nants  ngn  be  euphonic  ?     Whence  comes  the  g  ?     Is  it  re 
tained  except  in  compounds  ?     Primary  meaning  of  arbi 
traris?     What  kind  of  a  verb?     Why  called   deponent? 
Construction  of  tcmpora   and  mores   (238,  2)  ?     Stem  of 
mores?     Why  mos  then  in  the  Norn.?34     What  leads  the 


80  QUESTIONS   ON   CICERO. 

O  tcmpora  !  O  mores  !     Scnatus  hacc  intclligit; 
consul  videt :  hie  tamen  vivit    Yivit  \     Immo 

speaker  to  break  out  in  such  an  exclamation  ?  Is  it  that 
Catiline's  plans  are  so  fully  comprehended,  and  yet  nothing 
is  done  to  defeat  them  ?  How  can  the  spirit  and  force  of 
0  tempora  !  0  mores  !  be  expressed  in  English  ?  To  what 
does  haec  refer  ?  Composition  of  iniclligit  ?  How  is  the 
first  I  explained  ?  What  becomes  of  the  g  in  the  third 
root  ?  On  what  principle  ?  What  is  the  figure  called  by 
which  the  connective  is  omitted  between  intelligit  and  videt 
[323,  !,(!)]?  What  is  the  object  of  omitting  the  connec 
tive?85  Why  does  Cicero  say  consul  and  not  consules? 
Who  was  the  other  consul?  Had  he  shown  any  sympathy 
with  the  conspiracy?  Would  he  be  likely  to  cooperate 
heartily  with  Cicero  in  defeating  the  conspiracy  ?  What 
does  the  orator  mean  by  saying  senatus  haec  intelligit  .... 
hie  tamen  vivit  ?  What  inconsistency  is  there  in  these  two 
things  ?  Tamen  is  usually  the  correlative  of  a  concessive 
conjunction,  as  etsi,  quanquam,  etc. ;  but  no  such  conjunction 
being  here  expressed,  to  what  concessive  expression  is  tamen 
correlative  ?  What  becomes  of  the  second  v  of  vivit  in  the 
second  and  third  roots?36  Why  is  vivit  repeated?  Is  it 
for  the  ordinary  emphasis  that  comes  from  repeating  a  word, 
or  is  it  a  question  designed  to  correct  a  previous  statement 
by  introducing  something  stronger  than  that  which  precedes? 
Is  immo  a  negative  or  affirmative  adverb  ?  How  may  its 
force  be  expressed  (191,  R.  3,  near  end)  ?  What  influence 
has  two  upon  it?"7  What  relation  does  the  clause  intro 
duced  by  immo  bear  to  what  precedes,  —  is  it  stronger  or 


QUESTIONS   ON   CICERO.  37 

vero  etiam  in  scnatum  venit :  fit  public!  con- 
silii  particeps :  notat  ct  designat  oculis  ad  cae- 
dcm  unumqucmquc  nostrum.  ]STos  autem,  viri 

weaker  ?     Does  the  force  of  etiam  fall  upon  immo  or  venit  ? 
Is  the  e  in  venit  long  or  short  ?     Which  in  the  Perf.  ?     Is 
the  form  of  the  third  Pers.  Sing.  Perf.  the  same  as  that  of 
the  Pros.  ?     What  right  had  Catiline  to  come  into  the  sen 
ate  ?     Would  his   former  office  of  Praetor  entitle  him  to 
this?     Fit  is  the  passive  of  what  active  verb?     What  is 
referred  to  by  the  pubtici  consitii,  and  what  is  the  force  of 
the  statement?38     Construction  of  consilii  (213,  R.  1,  3)  ? 
Composition  of  particeps?      From  what  is   the  metaphor 
drawn  in  the  expression  notat  et  designat  ad  caedem  ?    What 
is  gained  to  the  discourse  in  this  allusion  to  the  priest  select 
ing  out  his  victims  for  sacrifice  ?     Does  it  make  upon  the 
mind  a  deeper  and  more  revolting  impression  of  Catiline's 
bloody  purpose  ?     Notat  and  designat  express  one  general 
idea  with  oratorical  fulness,  but  which  denotes   the  prior 
act  "to  put  a  mark  upon,"  and  which  "to  appoint?"      Can 
the  order  of  the  words  be  changed  so  as  to  read  designat  et 
notat  ?    Why  could  not  oculis  be  omitted  ?    Does  he  put  any 
actual  mark  upon  them,  or  simply  mark  them  out  in  his 
mind?     If  oculis  were  omitted,  then,  would  the  metaphor 
ical  meaning  of  notat  as  readily  present  itself?     What  does 
ff^show  the  relation  between?      Derivation  of  caedem f 
Primary  meaning?     Why  not  quemque  without  the  prefix 
uniirn  9     What  difference  of  meaning  does  unum  give  to 
quemque  t     Which  particularizes  more,  the  simple  or  the 
compound?     The  full  force  given  in  Eiigli.li  ?     Why  nos 
4 


88  QUESTIONS   ON  CICERO. 

fortes,  satisfaccre  rcipublicac  vidcmur,  si  istius 
furorcm  ac  tela  vitemus.  Ad  mortem  te,  Cat- 
ilina,  duel  jussu  consulis  jampridem  oportebat; 

expressed?  When  are  the  nominatives  of  the  first  and 
second  persons  expressed  (209,  R.  1,  b)  ?  Why  may  they 
not  be  omitted  in  English  as  well  as  in  Latin  ?  What  two 
adversative  conjunctions  are  stronger  than  autem?89  What 
place  does  autem  occupy  in  a  sentence  ?  What  is  meant 
by  viri  fortes  ?  Are  the  words  to  be  taken  in  their  proper 
sense  ?  What  is  the  figure  called,  by  which  they  are  here 
used  out  of  their  usual  sense  (324,  4)  ?  Why  did  not  the 
orator  say  viri  imbettes,  using  the  words  in  their  proper 
sense  ?  Meaning  of  satisfacere  here  ?  What  two  de 
clensions  in  reipublicae?  Construction?  Difference  of 
meaning  between  si  with  the  indicative  and  subjunctive  ? 
The  appropriateness  of  istius  here?  Would  hujus  have 
been  as  appropriate  ?  Why  not  ?  When  is  ac  and  when 
atque  used  (198,  II.  R.  I)  ?  Would  et  have  the  same  force 
here  as  ac  f  Difference  between  them  (198,  II,  R.  a  and  b)  ? 
Does  tela  denote  offensive  or  defensive  weapons?  How 
comparing  with  arma  ?  Is  the  whole  sentence  ending  with 
vitemus  ironical?  What  does  ad  show  the  relation  be 
tween  ?  Why  does  ad  mortem  stand  at  the  beginning  of  the 
sentence  ?  Is  the  result,  or  process  more  prominently  in  the 
mind  ?  Why  ad  mortem  duci,  and  not  interjici  ?  Which 
is  the  more  forcible  expression?  Upon  what  does  duci 
depend  (271)?  Derivation  of  jussu?  By  what  principle 
two  s's?  Whence  comes  the  final  u?  Whj/tffftf  consults 
and  not  jussu  meo  ?  Does  the  latter  expression  in  form 


QUESTIONS    ON   CICERO.  89 

in  tc  conferri  pcstcm  istam,  quam  tu  in  nos 

convey  any  idea  of  authority  ?    Had  the  consul  a  right  to  put 
a  citizen  to  death  by  his  own  command  merely  ?    What  was 
necessary  to  authorize  him  to  do  such  an  act  ?     Had  such 
authority  been  given  him  in  this  case  (see  last  part  of  the 
chapter)  ?     What  is  the  force  of  oportebat  in  the  Impf.  ? 
Does  it  imply  that  the  act  was  performed  at  the  time  when 
it  should  have  been  ?     Does  it  imply  that  the  obligation  to 
perform  it  still  exists?     Is  the  time  for  doing  it  yet  past? 
Would  the  Perf.  or  Plupf.  indicate  that  the  act  was  per 
formed  when  it  should  have  been  ?     But  would  either  of 
these  tenses  imply  that  the  time  for  doing  the  act  still  ex 
isted?40     What  kind  of  a  verb  is  oportebat?     What  is  an 
impersonal  verb  ?     But  do  impersonal  verbs  ever  take  a 
subject  ?    What  is  the  subject  of  oportebat  here  (269,  R.  2)  ? 
Is  te  before  conferri  in  the  Ace.  or  Abl.  ?     How  deter 
mined?     By  what  principle  has  the  Pass.  Inf.  of  confcro 
two  r's?«     Any  other  form  of  fero  in  which  r  is  doubled 
for  the  same  reason?     Why  istam  and  not  illam?     What 
two  things  determine  the  form  of  quam?     Its  gender  and 
number  are  determined  by  what  ?    Its  case  by  what  ?    Why 
tu  expressed  ?     What  is  noticeable  in  regard  to  the  position 
of  tu  and  nos  ?    When  two  pronouns  occur  in  the  same  sen 
tence,  how  are  they  usually  placed?     What  is  the  usual 
position  of  omnis  in  relation  to  the  pronoun  with  which  it 
agrees?42      Is  machinaris   to  be   translated  into   English 
by  a  present  or  a  past  tense  ?     What  warrants  or  requires 
Does  jamdiu  with  the  present  tense  denote  that 
the  action  has  been  wholly  performed  in  the  past,  or  that  it 


40  QUESTIONS    ON   CICERO. 

omnes  jamdiu  machinaris.  An  vero  vir  am- 
plissimus,  P.  Scipio,  pontifex  maximus,  Ti. 

has  been  going  on  in  the  past  and  is  still  in  progress  in  the 
present?  Is  machinaris  particularly  appropriate  here? 
Why?  What  is  its  precise  meaning?  Does  an  strictly 
belong  to  a  single  or  double  question  (198,  11,  R.  a)  ?  Is 
the  question  double  here  ?  An,  often  strengthened  by  vero, 
is  frequently  used  when  the  argument  proceeds  from  the 
less  to  the  greater,  i.  e.y  when  the  second  member  of  the 
sentence  is  stronger  than  the  first  (can  A  do  something,  but 
cannot  B ;  or  if  A  can,  cannot  B),  —  is  this  the  case  here, 
and  how  shown?  Which  is  the  weaker  member  here? 
Which  the  stronger  ?  In  what  relation  does  the  clause  an 

vero interfecit  stand  to  Catilinam perfere- 

mus,  —  coordinate  or  subordinate  ?  What  is  gained  by 
making  it  coordinate,  instead  of  introducing  it  by  the  con 
ditional  conjunction  si  ?  Is  the  contrast,  as  Jt  is  now  writ 
ten,  more  or  less  emphatic  than  if  introduced  by  si  ?  If,  in 
translating  the  sentence  into  English  we  use  if  with  the 
first  member  (the  more  natural  mode  of  translating),  is  that 
member  made  coordinate  or  subordinate  ?  In  the  sentence 
commencing  with  an  and  ending  with  pcrferemus,  there  are 
four  points  of  contrast,  —  what  are  they  ?  Scipio  a  private 
man  is  contrasted  with  whom  ?  Gracchus  with  whom  ?  A 
slight  attempt  against  the  state  with  what  ?  The  Roman 
republic  with  what?44  Rule  for  the  position  of  amplissimus 
with  reference  to  vir?4S  What  does  the  P.  before  Scipio 
stand  for  ?  What  is  such  a  name  called  ?  Was  that  name 
usually  written  in  full,  or  only  indicated  by  an  initial 


QUESTIONS   ON   CICERO.  41 

Gracchum  mediocriter  labefac  tan  tern  statum 
reipublicae  privatus  interfecit;  Catilinam  or- 
bem  terrae  caede  atque  incendiis  vast  are  cupi- 
cntem,  nos  consules  pcrferemus?  Nam  ilia 

(279,  9, 1)  ?  Derivation  ofpontifex?  Would  maximuspon- 
tifex  be  admissible?46  Origin  of  x  in  maximus?  What 
was  Gracchus  endeavoring  to  accomplish,  that  he  was  put  to 
death  ?  Why  is  his  prenomen  written  Ti  and  not  T.  merely  ? 
What  is  gained  in  this  sentence  by  separating  Gracchum  and 
Catilinam  so  far  from  their  verbs  ? 47  Derivation  of  medi 
ocriter*  Is  it  often  compared?  Why  not?  Composition 
of  labefactantem  ?  What  kind  of  a  verb  is  labefacto  ?  Lit 
eral  meaning  of?  Does  mediocriter  labefactantem  fully 
and  truthfully  indicate  the  efforts  and  aims  of  Gracchus?** 
Statum,  from  what  root  of  what  verb  ?  With  what  does  pri 
vatus  agree  ?  Why  separated  so  far  from  its  noun  ?  How 
does  interfaere  differ  from  occidere,  jugulare,  oltruncare, 
trucidare  ?  Composition  of  interfecit  ?  Why  does  Catiline 
stand  first  in  its  clause  ?  Why  orlem  terrae,  and  not  simply 
terram  ?  Composition  of  incendiis  ?  Primary  meaning  of 
candeo  ?  Atque,  how  comparing  with  et  ?  Vastare  how  with 
populari,  diripere?  Difference  between  cupere  and  velle, 
optare,  etc.  ?  Peculiarity  in  the  second  and  third  roots  of 
cupere?  How  can  privatus  be  reconciled  with  pontifex? 
Was  it  true  that  Catiline  was  endeavoring  to  destroy  the 
whole  world  ?  How  is  the  expression  to  be  understood  then 
(324,  5)  ?  Why  is  consides  used  here,  —  why  not  nos  with 
out  it  sufficient  ?  What  is  the  meaning  of  nam  here  ?  Does 
it  express  the  cause  or  reason  of  anything  which  precedes, 
4* 


42  QUESTIONS   ON   CICERO. 

nimis    antiqua    praetereo,    quod   C.    Servilius 
Ahala  Sp.   Maelium,   no  vis   rebus   studentcm, 

or  is  it  merely  a  transition  particle,  but  ? 49     Difference  be 
tween  nam  and  enim  (198,  7,  R.  a)?     To  what  does  ilia 
refer,  —  to  what  precedes  or  follows  ?     Why  neuter  ?     Its 
force  or  meaning  here  (207,  R.  24)  ?     How  is  the  d  in  the 
Nom.  and  Ace.  neuter  Sing,  to  be  explained  ?  m     Any  other 
pronoun  which  has  the  same  endings  in  these  cases  ?    What 
does  nimis  qualify?    What  effect  has  it  on  antiqua ?     How 
does  antiqiius  differ  from  vetus  ?     Were  the  events  referred 
to  in  this  sentence  prior  or  subsequent  to  those  mentioned 
in  the  previous  one  ?     How  much  ?     What  two  forms  has 
praetereo  in  the  perfect?     How  does  the  form  in  ii  come? 
The  orator  gays  he  passes  over  the  well-known  remote 
events,  and  at  the  same  time  mentions  them ;  how  is  this 
consistent  ?     Does  he  mean  that  he  will  not  allude  to  them 
at  all,  or  that  he  will  not  treat  them  in  full  ?     What  connec 
tion  has  the  sentence  commencing  nam  ilia  with  the  orator's 
subject  ?     Does  it  make  the  remissness  in  punishing  Catiline 
more  or  less  conspicuous  ?     What  is  the  office  of  quod  ? 5L 
Which  of  the  names  does  Servilius  denote  ?    Which  Ahala  ? 
Who  was  Ahala  ?     For  what  did  he  put  Maelius  to  death  ? 
Derivation  of  novis  ?     Origin  of  the  v  in  it  ?     Declension 
of  rebus?      The  fourth  and  fifth  declensions  are  merely 
modifications  of  what  other  Dec.  ?     Case  of  rebus  ?     By 
what  principle  ?     What  different  cases  does  studeo  govern  ? 
Gender  of  manu  ?     According  to  rule  or  exception  ?    Why 
sua  and  not  ejus?    Why  expressed  at  all  here  (207,  R. 
36,  c)  ?     Would  it  not  be  understood  to  be  by  his  hand  if 


QUESTIONS   ON   CICERO.  43 

manu  sna  occidit.  Fuit,  fuit  ista  quondam  in 
hac  republica  virtus,  ut  viri  fortes  acrioribus 
suppliciis  civem  perniciosum  quam  acerbissi- 

sua  were  omitted  ?  Composition  of  occidit  ?  Why  two  c's  ? 
Why  fuit  at  the  beginning  of  the  sentence  ?  Why  repeated  ? 
Meaning  of  ista  here  ?  Composition  of  quondam  ?  Is  e 
in  republica  long  or  short  ?  How  conies  it  so  ?  Derivation 
of  virtus  ?  Does  it  mean  virtue  here  ?  What  ?  Its  pri 
mary  meaning  ?  Why  is  it  placed  last  in  its  clause  ?  Plow 
does  its  present  position  give  it  emphasis  ?  Would  homines 
answer  as  well  as  viri  here  ?  Difference  between  them  ? 
Derivation  of  fortes  ?  How  is  viri  fortes  here  used  ?  What 
is  gained  by  this  ironical  use  ?  Primary  meaning  of  acri 
oribus  f  Connection  between  the  primary  meaning  and  the 
one  here  ?  How  is  its  superlative  formed  ?  Composition 
of  suppliciis  ?  How  does  it  have  such  different  meanings 
as  those  of  prayer  and  punishment  ?  Its  construction  ? 
With  what  word  is  civem  contrasted  ?  Composition  of  per 
niciosum  ?  Meaning  of  each  of  its  component  parts  ?  Force 
of  adjectives  ending  in  osus  ?  From  what  does  quam  come? 
Primary  meaning  of  hostis  ?  How  different  from  inimicus  ? 
From  what  is  acerbissimum  formed  ?  What  termination  is 
added  ?  Composition  of  coercerent  ?  Force  of  the  prep 
osition?  How  does  the  e  after  o  originate?52  Why  the 
subjunctive  ?  What  is  the  n  before  t  ?  If  it  is  removed,  in 
what  number  and  person  will  the  verb  be  ?  What  is  notice 
able  in  the  change  of  position  of  acerbissimum  and  hostem 
as  compared  with  civem  perniciosum  ?  Why  not  hostem 
acerbissimum,  as  well  as  civem  perniciosum  ?  What  advan- 


44  QUESTIONS   ON   CICERO. 

mum  hostem  coercerent.  Habemus  senatus 
consultum  in  te,  Catilina,  vehcmens  et  grave : 
non  deest  reipublicae  consilium  neque  auo 
toritas  hujus  ordinis:  nos,  nos,  dico  aperte, 
consules  desumus. 

tage  in  this  change?53  "What  was  a  senatus  consultumt 
When  was  the  one  here  referred  to  passed  ?  M  What  was 
the  formula,  or  words  used?55  With  what  power  did  it 
clothe  the  consuls  ?  Is  te  in  the  Ace.  or  the  Abl.  ?  Why 
are  vehemens  and  grave  removed  from  the  substantive  to 
which  they  belong  ?  Is  the  composition  of  vehemens  defi 
nitely  determined?  Has  grave  its  primary  sense  here? 
Is  reipublicae  in  the  Gen.  or  Dat.  ?  How  would  it  be  con 
structed  if  it  were  in  the  Dat.  ?  Would  the  meaning  re 
sulting  from  such  a  construction  be  inappropriate  here  ?  If 
taken  as  a  Gen.,  is  it  a  subjective  or  objective  Gen.  ?  What 
would  reipublicae  consilium  mean  as  a  subjective  Gen.? 
What  as  an  objective  Gen.  ?  What  is  meant  by  a  subjec 
tive  Gen.  (211,  R.  2)?  Does  the  Gen.  ordinis  give  any 
intimation  of  the  case  of  reipublicae  ?  Difference  between 
consilium  and  concilium?  Derivation  of  aucioritas?  Stem? 
What  occasions  the  dropping  of  the  final  t  ?  What  body  is 
meant  by  hujus  ordinis  ?  Norn,  of  ordinis  ?  Stem  ?  How 
from  the  stem  is  the  Nom.  formed  ?  Derivation  of  aperte  ? 
Is  there  anything  noticeable  in  deest  being  at  the  beginning 
of  this  sentence,  and  desumus  at  the  end  ?  Why  are  con 
sules  and  desumus  brought  together  ?  • 


VIRGIL. 

QUESTIONS   ON    THE    FIRST   THIRTY-THREE 
LINES   OF    THE   AENEID. 

WHEN  was  Virgil  born  ?  Where  ?  Was  it  in  Italy  or 
Gaul  at  that  time  ?  At  what  time  was  his  birthplace  first 
included  in  Italy  ?  What  was  that  part  of  the  country  called 
before  ?  Who  were  the  consuls  at  Rome  the  year  he  was 
born  ?  Was  he  older  or  younger  than  Augustus  ?  How 
much  ?  How  much  older  than  Horace  ?  Was  he  a  con 
temporary  of  Cicero?  Older  or  younger?  In  what  two 
places  in  northern  Italy  was  he  educated  ?  In  what  place 
in  southern  Italy  is  he  said  to  have  studied  ?  Did  he  re 
ceive  any  part  of  his  education  at  Rome  ?  What  was  the 
occasion  of  his  losing  his  hereditary  estate  ?  What  connec 
tion  had  he  with  Asinius  Pollio  ?  What  was  the  ground 
of  attachment  existing  between  them?  To  what  distin 
guished  patron  of  literature  at  Rome  did  Pollio  introduce 
him  ?  Through  whom  did  he  become  acquainted  with 
Augustus?  Did  Augustus  show  him  any  favors  besides 
encouraging  him  in  his  literary  pursuits  ?  Were  any  of 
his  works  composed  at  Naples  ?  Was  there  probably  any 
cause  of  his  residence  there  besides  the  attractiveness  of 


46  QUESTIONS   ON  VIRGIL. 

the  place  ?  Had  he  a  vigorous  constitution  ?  May  his 
health,  then,  have  been  the  cause  of  his  seeking  a  milder 
climate  than  was  to  be  found  in  the  mountainous  region  of 
his  native  place?  Did  he  visit  any  foreign  country?  What? 
Did  he  travel  there  extensively  ?  When  and  where  did  he 
die?  How  happened  he  to  be  at  Brundusium?  Where 
was  he  buried?  Is  the  spot  where  he  was  buried  now 
known  with  certainty  ? l 

Why  is  this  poem  called  the  Aeneid  ?  Who  is  the  hero  ? 
Is  Aeneas  a  mythical  or  historical  person  in  the  Aeneid?2 
Is  it  certain  that  he  ever  came  to  Italy  ?  May  Virgil  have 
intended  to  describe  the  character  and  achievements  of  some 
other  person  under  the  name  of  Aeneas  ?  How  long  was 
Virgil  in  writing  this  poem  ?  Was  it  finished  at  the  time 
of  his  death,  as  he  intended  it  should  be?  How  many 
years  after  the  fall  of  Troy  does  the  scene  open  ?  Where 
are  Aeneas  and  the  Trojans  at  the  opening  of  the  first  book  ? 
Is  the  first  book  the  first  in  the  order  of  time  ?  Which  is 
first  in  the  order  of  time?  Second?  Third?  What  is 
gained  by  this  change  in  the  chronological  order  of  the  first 
book  ?  Is  the  interest  of  the  reader  greater  or  less  by  being 
hurried  at  once  into  the  subject,  and  then  having  the  his 
torical  detail  presented  afterwards  by  persons  with  whose 
characters  he  has  already  become  interested  ?  Is  there  any 
similar  change  of  chronological  order  in  the  Paradise  Lost  ? 
Which  book  of  that  poem  is  first  chronologically  ?  What 
kind  of  a  poem  is  the  Aeneid  ?  What  is  meant  by  an  Epic 
poem  ?  Could  it  also  be  called  an  Heroic  poem  ?  On  what 
ground  could  this  and  similar  poems  be  so  called?  What 
are  the  first  seven  lines  ?  What  do  they  contain  ?  3 


QUESTIONS   ON   VIRGIL.  47 

ARMA  virumquc  cano,  Trojae  qui  primus  ab  oris 

Why  do  arma  and  virum  stand  the  first  words  in  the 
poern  ?  Different  senses  of  arma  ?  Ever  used  in  Sing.  ? 
Is  arma  and  virum  a  case  of  Hendyadis  [323,  2,  (3)],  signi 
fying  the  warlike  achievements  of  the  hero  ?  If  not,  what 
is  the  meaning  of  each?  Which  denotes  the  warlike  achieve 
ments,  and  which  the  personal  adventures  ?  Construction  of 
these  accusatives  ?  Are  they  the  objects  of  cano  in  any 
such  sense  as  when  we  say,  /  sing  a  song,  or  are  they  a 
kind  of  cognate  Ace.,  —  I  sing  the  song  of  the  arms  and  the 
hero?  (Compare  "  I  sing  the  sofa.")  Why  cano,  i.  e.,  in 
Avhat  sense  does  he  sing?4  Peculiarity  of  cano  in  the  sec 
ond  root?  By  what  principle  is  the  vowel  of  the  redupli 
cation  e  ? 5  Trojae  where  ?  Construction  ?  What  influ 
ence  has  it  on  oris?  Which  was  the  earlier  and  Greek 
name,  Troja  or  Ilium  ?  Was  Pcrgamus  the  same  as  Troja  ? 
How  different  ?  In  what  country  was  Troy  situated  ?  Near 
what  sea?  Is  the  site  now  known?  What  word  deter 
mines  three  features  of  qui  f  What  are  they  ?  What  two 
features  of  what  word  does  qui  determine  ?  What  are 
they?  The  positive  of  primus  ?  From  what  contracted? 
Why  is  the  i  long  ?  When  is  prior  and  when  primus  to  be 
used  ?  Was  Aeneas  the  first  who  came  from  Troy  to  Italy  ? 
Did  not  Antenor  come  before  (see  line  242  seq.)  ?  How 
are  these  statements  to  be  reconciled  ?  To  what  part  of 
Italy  did  Antenor  come  ?  Would  primum  have  the  same 
meaning  as  primus  here  ?  Difference  ?  Why  ab  and  not 
a  here  ?  Between  what  does  ab  show  the  relation,  oris  and 
profugus,  or  oris  and  venit,  or  both  ?  Difference  between 
oris  and  litora  ? 


48  QUESTIONS   ON   VIRGIL. 

Italiam,  fato  profugus,  Laviniaque  vcnit 

How  many  feet  in  a  line  here  ?  From  the  number  of 
feet  in  a  line,  what  is  the  verse  called  ?  What  is  the  pre 
dominant  foot  in  hexameter  verse  ?  Why  not  all  the  feet 
dactyls  ?  Would  an  unbroken  succession  of  dactyls  be  as 
harmonious  as  a  variety  in  the  measure  ?  What  is  the 
other  foot  besides  the  dactyl  here  ?  Derivation  of  the  word 
spondee?  Derivation  of  dactyl? G  What  is  the  greatest 
number  of  syllables  in  an  hexameter  line  ?  The  least  ? 7 
How  disposed  of  in  each  case  ?  What  is  a  caesura  ?  De 
sign  of  it  ?  Where  is  the  caesura  of  the  verse,  or  cacsural 
pause  in  the  first  line?  Is  it  the  masculine  or  feminine 
caesura  (310,  N.  1)  ?  What  is  meant  by  a  masculine  cae 
sura  ?  What  by  a  feminine  ?  Is  the  place  of  the  caesural 
pause  fixed  in  hexameter  verse  (309,  R.  3)  ?  What  is  the 
most  approved  place  for  the  caesural  pause  in  epic  poetry 
(310,  4)?  By  what  principle  is  a  in  cano  short?  What 
is  meant  when  it  is  said  to  be  short  by  authority,  or  by  the 
authority  of  the  poets  ?  Does  not  the  authority  or  usage 
of  the  poets  determine  the  quantity  of  all  vowels  ?  Is  there 
not  just  the  same  authority  for  the  final  a  of  arma  being 
short,  as  for  a  in  cano  ?  Why,  then,  is  the  latter  said  to  be 
short  by  authority,  but  the  former  by  rule  (final  a  in  words 
declined  is  short)  ?  8 

Construction  of  Italiam  ?  Is  it  usual  to  omit  the  prepo 
sition  with  the  names  of  countries  (237,  R.  5,  c)  ?  Would  a 
good  prose  writer  omit  or  use  the  preposition  here  ?  Would 
in  Romam  renit  be  good  Latin?  Would  in  Hispanimn 
vcnit  ?  What  is  the  difference  in  the  two  cases  that  makes 


QUESTIONS   ON  VIRGIL.  49 

Litora ;  multum  ille  et  terris  jactatus  et  alto, 

in  requisite  in  one  and  not  in  the  other?     By  what  prin 
ciple  is  the  first  i  in  Italiam,  which  is  usually  short,  long 
here?9     Had  the  peninsula  subsequently  known  as  Italia, 
in  earlier  times  any  name  which  designated  the  whole? 
To  what  different  portions  was  the  term  Italia  applied  at 
different  periods  ?     How  early  did  the  name  embrace  the 
whole   peninsula?     Derivation    of  fato  ?     Why   a   long? 
Why  in  Abl.  ?     Why  used  at  all  ?     Without  it,  would  it  be 
clear,  at  this  point,  whether  he  was  a  mere  adventurer, 
banished  for  his  misdeeds,  or  an  exile  by  the  appointment 
of  the  gods  ?     Derivation  of  profugus  ?     Is  it  to  be  taken 
in  a  good  or  bad  sense:  a  fugitive  or  an  exile?     What 
feeling  for   the   hero   is   the    word   adapted   to   produce? 
Where  was  Lavinium  ?     Why  so  named?     What  relation 
does  Lavinia  litora  bear  to  Italiam  ?     Could  Lavinia  litora 
change  place  with  Italiam,  so  as  to  stand  before  it  ?     Why 
not?     Do  we  usually  place  the  general  or  specific  first'? 
If  Lavinium  was  not  upon  the  sea-coast,  how  can  the  poet 
say  Lavinia  litora?     Is  the  que  appended  to  Lavinia  a 
connective,  "and,"  or  an  expletive,  "even"?     Were  there 
any  Lavinia  litora  when  Aeneas  came  there  ?     By  what 
figure,  then,  does  he  speak  of  them  as  existing  at  that  time? 
What   figure   in  the   scanning   of  Laviniaque    (306,   1)? 
Does  the  form  of  venit  determine  whether  it  is  Pres.  or 
Perf.  ?     What  is  the  quantity  of  the  e  when  venit  is  Pres.  ? 
What  when  it  is  Perf.    (284,  Exc.  1)?     In  what  tense, 
then,  is  it  here  ?     In  prose  is  there  any  means  of  deter 
mining  the  tense,  except  by  the  connection  ?     As  litora  is 
5 


50  QUESTIONS   ON  VIRGIL. 

Vi  super  urn,  saevae  memorem  Junonis  ob  iram ; 

neither  the  name  of  a  town  or  a  country,  by  what  principle 
is  it  in  the  Ace.  ?     Is  Lavinia  litora,  so  far  as  relates  to 
construction,  different  from   what  Lavinium  would   have 
been  in  its  place  ?     How,  then,  would  Lavinium  have  been 
constructed  ?     Is  the  o  in  litora  short  by  rule  or  exception  ? 
What  is  the  rule  and  what  the  exception  ?     What  becomes 
of  the  urn  of  muUum  in  scanning?     What  is  the  figure 
called  by  which  it  is  elided  (305,  2)  ?     By  what  figure  is 
the  e  of  Me  elided  (305,  1)  ?     What  Greek  pronoun  cor 
responds  to  ilk  ?     Has  Me  here  its  full  pronomial  force,  or 
does  it  merely  recall  or  resume  the  subject,  giving  a  more 
lively  expression  ?     Force  of  et  before  terris  ?     Could  it  be 
omitted  without  essentially  changing  the  expression  ?     Pre 
cisely  what  would  be  lost  by  its  omission?10     With  what  is 
this  et  correlative,  or  with  what  does  it  correspond?     Why 
is  tern's  plural  ?     Were  his  calamities  experienced  in  one 
land  or  several  ?     Why  Abl.  ?     In  good  prose  is  the  prepo 
sition  more  commonly  expressed  or  omitted  with  ablatives 
of  place  (254,  R.  3)  ?     What  kind  of  a  verb  is  jacto,  from 
which  jactatus  comes  ?      What  does    such  a  verb  imply 
(187,  II.  1)?     Of  which  conjugation  are  frequentatives  ? 
What  is   the   simple   verb    from  which  jacto  is  formed? 
From    what   part   of  that   verb?      Does   jactatus   apply 
equally  to  terris  and  alto?     To  which  does  it  apply  in  its 
appropriate  sense?     What  is  the  figure  by  which  it  is  con 
nected  with  both,  when  it  properly  belongs  to  but  one  [323, 
1,  (2)]  ?     Is  est  to  be  understood  with  jactatus  and  passus, 
or  are  these  pure  participles  merely  ?     Is  alto  strictly  an 


QUESTIONS   ON   VIRGIL.  51 

Multa  quoque  et  bello  passus,  dum  conclcrct 
urbem, 

adjective  or  a  substantive?     Any  English  word  similarly 
used  ?     What  is  the  primary  meaning  of  altus,  from  which 
it  has  the  signification  of  both  high  and  deep  ?     Where  is 
the  cacsural  pause  in  the  third  line  ?     From  what  Greek 
word  does  vi  come  ?     Origin  of  the  v  ?     Is  vis  actually  de 
fective  in  any  case?11     What  case  is  used  very  rarely? 
What  relation  does  the  Abl.  vi  express  ?     By  what  prin 
ciple  in  the  Abl.  ?     Who  are  meant  by  the  plural  superum, 
—  any  one  but  Juno  ?     What  relation  does  superum  sus 
tain  to  vi  ?     Full  form  of  superum  ?     What  are  the  two 
forms  of  the  superlative  of  this  word  ?     How  is  the  shorter 
form,  summus,  obtained  from  the  other  form  ?12     Difference 
between  supremus  and  summus  ?     To  what  word  is  supre- 
mus  opposed?     To  what  summus?     Which  is  commonly 
used  in  prose?     With  reference  to  what  is  Juno  called 
saevae ;    or  is  this   epithet   applied   to  her   as  a  general 
characteristic?     Memorem  properly  belongs  only  to  per 
sons,  how  then  is  iram  to  be  considered  ?     Who  was  Juno  ? 
From  what  root,  and  how,  is  the  Norn,  formed  ?13     Whence 
comes  the  n  in  the  oblique  cases  ?     What  were  the  grounds 
of  Juno's  anger  here  referred  to  (see  lines  25 — 28)  ?     The 
relations   expressed  by  vi  superum  and  ob  iram  respec 
tively,  i.e.9  which  is  instrument  and  which  cause?     Has 
MULTA  passus  the  same  signification  as  MULTUM  passus 
would  have  ?     Quoque  means  moreover  in  addition  to  what? 
What  particle  would  generally  be  used,  in  good  prose,  in 
stead  of  et,  after  quoquef1*    Upon  what  word  does  the  force 


52  QUESTIONS   ON  VIRGIL. 

Inferretque  decs  Latio :   genus  undc  Latinum, 
Albanique  patres,  atque  altae  moenia  Romae. 

of  et  fall  ?     Is  lello  Abl.  of  means  or  time  ?    Its  derivation  ? 
How  does  the  d  become  J?     By  what  principle  two  s's  in 
passus?      What  would  be   its  form  before   assimilation? 
Does  dum  here  signify  until  or  while  ?     Why  followed  by 
the  subjunctive?13     Composition  of  conderet?     Of  which 
conjugation  is  the  simple?      The   compound?      Primary 
meaning  of  conderet  ?      Peculiarity  in  the   second   root  ? 
Derivation  of  urbem  ?     What  connection  between  it  and 
orbis  ?     How  do  the  two  r's  come  together  in  inferret  ? 
What  letter  is  syncopated  ?     What  relation  does  the  second 
root  bear  to  the  first?     How  is  the  third  root,  latum,  de 
rived  from  the  second?16     Is  deos  here  in  its  usual  sense, 
or  is  it  equivalent  to  penates  ?     What  occasion  for  advert 
ing  to  the  idea  contained  in  inferret  deos  at  all  ?     In  the 
view  of  a  Pvoman,  would  religion  be  indispensably  connected 
with  the  founding  of  a  nourishing  city?     Is  the  Dat.  Latio 
the  usual  construction  in  such  cases?     What  is  more  com 
mon  (225,  IV.  and  R.  2)  ?     What  and  where  was  Latium  1 
From  what  was  the  name  probably  derived?     Were  the 
names  of  places  more  frequently  derived  from  the  names  of 
the  people,  or  the  people  from   the   places?17     Stem  of 
genus  ?     To  what  does  unde  refer,  and  what  is  its  meaning  ? 
If  it  is  translated  from  this  circumstance,  what  is  the  mean 
ing  of  this  expression?     How  are  the  Alban  fathers  and 
the  walls  of  Rome  unde  ?     Which  way  was  Alba  from 
Zamnium*     Rome  from  Alba?    Why  called  Alba ?    Why 
Longa  ?     Is  the  actual  site  of  Alba  known  beyond  a  doubt? 


QUESTIONS   ON   VIRGIL.  53 

Musa,  mihi  causas  memora,  quo  numine  laeso, 

In  what  sense  is  patres  here  used  ?  Is  it  that  of  being  the 
founders  of  Alba,  or  the  nobles,  for  the  purpose  of  giving 
dignity  to  the  place  ?  Construction  of  genus,  patres,  etc.  ? 
Why  is  Romae  called  altae  ?  On  how  many  hills  was  it 
built  ?  Why  built  on  hills  ?  Derivation  of  moenia  ?  How 
differing  from  muri  and  parietes  ?  Difference  between 
atque  and  et  ?  When  was  Rome  founded  ?  Situation  ? 
On  the  sea  ?  How  far  from  ?  On  what  river  ?  On  which 
bank? 

"What  are  the  next  four  lines  called?  Derivation  of 
Musa  ?  Does  ov  in  Greek  uniformly  become  u  in  Latin  ? 
Why  u  in  musa  long  ?  How  many  Muses  ?  What  deter 
mined  the  character  of  the  Muse  to  be  invoked  ?  In  the 
Georgics  Virgil  invokes  Ceres,  Pan,  Minerva,  Bacchus, 
Pales,  Maecenas,  etc.;  why  the  Muse  here?  Who  was 
the  Muse  of  epic  poetry  ?  Does  mihi  come  from  ego  as  its 
root?  What  part  of  mihi  is  root,  and  what  termination?18 
Are  the  singular  and  plural  formed  from  the  same  root? 
What  other  forms  for  Dat.  Sing,  besides  mihi  (133,  R.  1)  ? 
Is  the  quantity  of  the  final  i  uniform  ?  How  was  the  word 
causa  written  in  Cicero's  time,  and  before  ? 19  Derivation 
of  memora  ?  Has  it  its  primary  or  secondary  sense  ?  Its 
direct  and  indirect  object?  Why  is  the  a  long?  Is  quo 
a  pronoun  or  adverb  ?  With  what  agreeing  ?  Derivation 
of  numine?  How  much  is  verb  root?  What  is  the  re 
mainder  ?  Nom.  ?  Stem  ?  Why  is  the  i  of  the  stem 
(nomin)  changed  to  e  in  the  Nom.  ?  Which  has  the  more 
open,  and  which  the  closer  sound  ?  Is  the  close  sound  of 
5* 


54  QUESTIONS   ON  VIRGIL. 

Quidve  dolcns  regina  deum  tot  volvere  casus 

i  felt  in  the  oblique  cases  as  it  would  be  in  the  Norn.  ? 
What  rules  determine  the  quantity  of  the  vowels  of  nu- 
mine  ?  Meaning  here  ?  Construction  ?  The  thwarting  of 
what  purpose  (numine)  or  object  is  referred  to  ?  What 
place  was  Juno  intending  to  make  the  mistress  of  the 
world?  What  influences  were  now  at  work  to  prevent 
this  ?  Pres.  of  laeso  ?  What  becomes  of  d  in  the  second 
and  third  roots?  What  letter  of  these  roots  rejects  the  d? 
How  much  of  laeso  is  root?  What  is  the  remainder? 
Construction  of  quid  (232,  1  and  N.  1)  ?  But  how  has 
quid  a  signification  kindred  to  that  of  dolcns  220  Ve  formed 
from  what?  And  vel  from  what?  Does  ve  ever  stand 
alone  ?  What  is  it  called  then  ?  How  differing  from  out 
and  vel  (198,  2,  R.  b.)  ?  Toward  whom  was  the  resent 
ment  denoted  by  dolens  cherished?  Why  towards  Paris 
and  Ganymede  ?  Who  is  meant  by  regina  deum  ?  What 
is  this  figure  called  [323,  2  (4)]  ?  Is  the  e  in  regina  long 
by  rule  or  authority  ?  Rule  for  the  quantity  of  i  ?  What 
is  the  correlative  of  tot  ?  Has  it  any  correlative  here  ex 
pressed?  Is  any  to  be  supplied  ?  Is  it  used  here,  then,  to 
denote  a  definite  or  indefinite  number?  How  is  it  de 
clined?  Third  root  of  volvere?  What  becomes  of  the 
second  v?  When  does  such  a  change  take  place?21  What 
is  the  pertinence  of  the  word  volvere  here  ?  Does  it  signify 
simply  to  endure  or  suffer  calamities,  or  does  it  imply  a 
constant  succession,  a  round  or  interminable  series  of  them? 
Would  good  prose  put  volvere  in  the  Inf.,  as  here,  or  in  the 
Subj.?  Upon  what  does  it  depend?  From  which  root 


QUESTIONS   ON   VIRGIL.  55 

Insignem  pietate  virum,  tot  adire  labores, 
Impulcrit.     Tantaene  animis  coelestibus  irae ! 

of  what  verb  does  casus  come  ?     What  has  occasioned  the 
dropping  of  the  d  of  the  verb  ?     Is  the  final  syllable  long 
or  short?     From  what  is  that  syllable  a  contraction  (89, 
R.  1 )  ?     Is  the  word  in  itself  taken  in  a  good  or  a  bad 
sense,  or  both  ?     Which  is  predominant  ?     In  which  here  ? 
Composition  of  insignem  ?    Primary  meaning  ?    Derivation 
of  pietate  ?    What  kind  of  a  noun  (26,  5)  ?     What  is  meant 
when  Aeneas  is  said  to  be  insignem  pietate  ?     Does  it  sig 
nify  merely  what  we  mean  by  piety,  or  devotion  to  the  gods, 
or  does  it  imply  also  filial  devotion,  kind  and  affectionate 
conduct  toward  others  ?     How  from  adeo  is  the  Inf.  adire 
formed  ?     When  is  the  initial  letter  of  eo  i,  and  when  e  ? 
What  other  construction  does  adire  take  besides  the  naked 
Ace.  ?     Composition  of  impulerit  ?     Whence  comes  the  m  ? 
When  in  composition  letters  of  a  different  order  (i.  e.,  re 
quiring  different  organs  to  pronounce  them)  come  together, 
what  is  to  be  done  ?     The  p  in  this  word  is  a  labial,  and 
the  n  of  the  preposition  in  is  a  dental ;  this  dental  must, 
then,  be  changed  into  a  letter  of  what  order?     Is  m,  then, 
of  the  same  order  asp?     What  organs  are  used  in  pro 
nouncing  each  ?     Does  the  second  I  of  pello  belong  to  the 
root,  or  is  it  a  strengthening  letter  of  the  Pres.  ?     How  can 
this  be  shown?     If  it  belonged  to  the  root,  would  it  or 
would  it  not  be  retained  in   the  second  root?     Of  what 
vowel  of  the  Pres.  of  this  word  is  u  the  representative  in 
the  second  and  third  roots?     When  is  e  changed  into  u?22 
Derivation  of  tantae  ?     Why  is  the  m  of  tarn  changed  into 


56  QUESTIONS   ON  VIRGIL. 

Urbs  antiqua  fuit,  Tyrii  tenuere  coloni, 

n  ?  Is  the  letter  t  of  the  termination  a  dental  or  a  lingual? 
To  what,  then,  must  the  m  be  changed?  Construction  of 
animis  ?  Derivation  of  coelestibus  ?  What  connection  be 
tween  heaven  and  KOL\OV,  meaning  an  arch  ?  Is  the  name 
derived  from  the  actual  form  of  the  heavens,  or  sky,  or 
from  the  apparent  form  ?  Why  irae  plural  ?  Do  the  poets 
often  use  the  plural  for  the  sake  of  emphasis  or  the 
metre?23 

How  does  antiqua  differ  from  vetus?  Which  denotes 
what  existed  long  ago  ?  Do  they  both  have  all  the  forms 
of  comparison?  Why  is  antiqua  used  at  all?  Did  the 
antiquity  of  a  city  give  it  more  or  less  celebrity  ?  With 
reference  to  whom  was  the  city  said  to  be  antiqua,  Aeneas 
or  Virgil?  Was  it  really  built  in  the  time  of  Aeneas? 
Does  fuit  here  imply  that  the  city  was  or  was  not  then  in 
existence  (Comp.  II.  325)  ?  From  what  noun  does  Tyrii 
come  ?  Where  was  old  Tyre  situated  ?  In  what  country  ? 
W^as  it  upon  the  mainland  or  on  an  island  ?  What  is  the 
grammatical  object  of  tenuere?  Is  it  expressed  or  to  be 
supplied?  Any  other  form  for  the  third  Pers.  PL  Perf. 
besides  tenuere?  What  form  would  Cicero  use?  What 
tense  would  the  Greek  use  for  it?  What  is  the  difference 
between  the  Greek  Aorist  and  the  Lat.  Perf.  ?  What  two 
relations  does  the  Lat.  Perf.  express?  By  what  two  Greek 
tenses  are  these  relations  expressed?  In  this  respect, 
which  language  has  the  advantage  in  point  of  definite- 
ness  ?  Derivation  of  coloni  ?  Construction  of  Carthago  ? 
Where  situated  ?  When,  and  by  whom  founded  ?  Stem  ? 


QUESTIONS   ON  VIRGIL.  57 

Carthago,  Italiam  contra  Tiberinaque  longe 
Ostia,  dives  opum,  studiisque  asperrima  belli ; 

How  from  the  stem  is  the  Nom.  formed  ?  Is  anything 
gained  by  omitting  the  name  of  the  city  in  the  first  line  ? 
What?  Does  the  suspense  make  the  impression  of  the 
suppressed  word  stronger  or  weaker  when  it  is  named  ? 
Is  the  position  of  Cartltago  at  the  beginning  of  the  line 
more  or  less  emphatic,  than  if  it  had  been  in  the  middle  ?24 
What  is  noticeable  in  the  position  of  Italiam,  with  reference 
to  the  word  which  governs  it  (279,  10,/.)?  Is  this  usual 
in  prose  ?  What  relation  does  Italiam  sustain  to  Tiberina 
ostia  ?  What  Tiberina  ostta  to  Italiam  ?  What  direc 
tion  was  Carthage  from  the  mouth  of  the  Tiber  ?  What 
sea  between  ?  When  was  that  sea  first  called  the  Mare 
Mediterraneum?-5  Dives,  with  what  agreeing?  What  is 
the  comparative,  and  how  formed  ?  How  differing  from 
locuples?  Construction  of  opum  ?  Rule  (213,  R.  1,  3)  ? 
How  many  cases  of  the  Sing,  are  in  use  ?  What  is  such  a 
word  called  (94,  1)  ?  How  does  the  plural  differ  in  mean 
ing  from  the  singular  ?  What  does  que  after  studiis  con 
nect?  Construction  of  studiis  (250)  ?  Is  it  governed  by 
anything  ?  It  shows  in  what  respect  what  word  is  taken  ? 
Is  it,  therefore,  explanatory  of  the  meaning  of  asperrima  ? 
What  word  is  explanatory  of  studiis  ?  Primary  meaning 
of  asperrima  ?  Has  it  here  its  primary  or  secondary  sense  ? 
Antecedent  of  quarn?  By  what  rule  is  its  antecedent 
feminine?  What  is  omitted  in  fertur  (179)?  Construc 
tion  of  tern's  ?  The  office  of  such  ablatives  is  to  complete 
the  comparison ;  by  what  word  is  the  comparison  begun  or 


58  QUESTIONS  ON  VIRGIL. 

Quam  Juno  fertur  terris  magis  omnibus  unam 
Posthabita  coluisse  Samo  :  hie  illius  arma, 

introduced  here  ?  What  is  the  office  of  unam  here  ?  What 
word  does  it  strengthen,  quam  or  magis  ?  Is  units  as  an 
intensive  or  strengthening  word  found  more  frequently  with 
the  comparative  or  superlative?26  How  can  its  force  be 
expressed  here?  Could  it  be  translated  either  by  one 
or  alone  ?  Would  in  particular  indicate  its  force  ?  Is 
its  emphasis  increased  or  diminished  by  standing  at  the 
end  of  the  line?24  Composition  and  literal  meaning  of 
posthabita  ?  Is  it  here  in  its  primary  or  secondary  sense, 
denoting  a  local  or  mental  putting  after  ?  What  determines 
its  gender  ?  Upon  what  does  coluisse  depend  ?  Rule 
(271)?  What  change  takes  place  in  the  vowel  of  the 
stem  in  the  third  root  ?  Does  o  often  interchange  with 
U?-1  Where  was  Samos?  In  what  sea?  Why  mentioned 
in  this  connection  at  all  ?  Rule  for  its  gender  ?  Construc 
tion  ?  When  it  is  said  to  be  in  the  ablative  absolute,  what 
is  meant  by  the  term  absolute  ?  Would  the  genitive  abso 
lute  be  used  to  express  this  in  Greek  ?  Why  not  ?  What 
is  the  difference  between  the  Latin  and  Greek  here,  that 
the  same  construction  would  not  be  used  in  both?28  What 
participle  would  be  used  in  Greek,  instead  of  the  Latin 
Perf.  here  ?  In  what  case  would  the  Greek  participle 
be,  and  with  what  agreeing?  In  what  case  would  Samo 
be?  Is  the  o  in  Samo  retained  or  elided?  But  does  not 
the  retaining  of  it  cause  hiatus,  the  o  coming  before  the  i 
in  hie  ?  How  is  the  effect  of  the  hiatus  prevented  here  ? 
In  Virgil  does  the  hiatus  more  commonly  occur  in  the  Arsis 


QUESTIONS   ON   VIRGIL.  59 

Hie  currus  fuit ;  hoc  rcgnum  dea  gentibus  esse, 
Si  qua  fata  sinant,  jam  turn  tenditque  fovetque. 

or  Thesis?29  To  what  does  hie  refer?  What  was  the  old 
ablative  form  from  which  it  comes  ?30  Has  the  penult  i  in 
illius  any  other  quantity  than  it  has  here  ?  In  Virgil  is  it 
more  frequently  long  or  short  ?31  What  does  the  poet  mean 
by  saying  hie  illius  arma,  hie  currus  fuit  ?  To  what  word 
is  fuit  conformed  ?  How  is  arma  disposed  of?  To  what 
does  hoc  refer?  Why  not,  then,  in  the  feminine  gender 
(206,  8)  ?  Does  the  gender  of  pronouns  conform  to  the 
words  to  which  they  refer,  or  to  those  with  which  they 
agree?  What  may  this  properly  be  called?32  Is  hoc  an 
adjective  pronoun  here  agreeing  with  regnum,  or  has  it  a 
substantive  force  ?  Construction  ?  Construction  of  regnum  ? 
How  is  it  determined  that  regnum  is  the  predicate  Ace. 
after  esse,  and  not  the  predicate  Nom.  (210)  ?  What  would 
have  been  a  more  natural  construction  for  regnum  than  to 
be  in  the  Ace.  (227,  R.  4)  ?  Dat.  and  Abl.  PI.  of  dea? 
Why  (43,  2)?  Have  any  other  words  of  the  first  Dec. 
similar  forms  ?  Construction  of  gentibus  (227)  ?  What  is 
the  other  Dat.,  besides  gentibus  ?  What  would  have  been 
that  other  Dat.,  if  the  more  usual  construction  had  been 
followed  here?  How  is  the  second  s  in  esse  to  be  ex 
plained?33  Upon  what  does  ess*  depend?  What  class  of 
words  admit  the  Ace.  with  the  Inf.  (272)  ?  Is  qua  in  the 
Nom.  PI.,  agreeing  with  fata  (if  any  fates),  or  in  the  Abl.? 
Is  there  any  way  to  determine  this  certainly  ?  What  ? 
Could  it  be  determined  in  prose  ?  How  better  in  poetry  ? 
Si  followed  by  the  Subj.  here  implies  what?  That  tho 


60  QUESTIONS   ON  VIRGIL. 

Progeniem  sed  cnim  Trojano  a  sanguine  duel 
Audierat,  Tyrias  olim  quae  verteret  arces ; 

fates  would  permit  ?  That  they  would  not  permit  ?  Does 
it  imply  anything  definitely,  or  merely  express  a  suppo 
sition,  without  determining  whether  they  would  or  would 
not  permit  ?  Root  of  sinant  ?  What  is  the  first  n  ?  In 
what  tenses  is  it  retained  ?  What  is  the  last  n  ?  How  are 
the  second  and  third  roots  formed  ?  Is  the  caesura  in  this 
line  masculine  or  feminine?  What  is  the  office  of  jam, 
i.  e.,  what  word  is  affected  by  it,  and  how  ?  How  may  jam 
turn  be  rendered  here?  What  would  even  then  denote: 
that  even  when  she  was  beginning  to  build  Carthage,  and 
before  it  had  reached  its  destined  influence,  she  was  intend 
ing  to  make  it  the  ruler  of  the  nations  ?  Peculiarity  of 
tendit  in  the  second  root  ?  Why  is  d  rejected  in  the  third 
root?  Primary  meaning?  What  is  the  figure  called  by 
which  the  two  que's  are  here  used  [323,  2  (2)]  ?  What  is 
the  object  of  using  the  two  que's  ?34  Is  the  force  of  each 
verb  increased  or  diminished  by  them  ?  How  ?  What  be 
comes  of  v  in  the  third  root  offovet  ?  Why  ?  Is  the  idea  of 
fovet  stronger  or  weaker  than  that  of  tendit  ?  Composition 
ofprogeniem  ?  Does  sed  usually  stand  the  second  word  in 
a  sentence  in  prose  (270,  3,  a}  ?  Is  the  word  denoting  the 
contrast  introduced  by  sed  expressed  or  understood  ?  What 
is  the  purport  of  that  word  ?  What  does  enim  express  the 
reason  of?  What  does  a  show  the  relation  between  ?  Stem 
of  sanguine  ?  What  rejects  the  n  of  the  stem  in  the  Norn.  ? 
Any  peculiarity  in  audierat  ?  When  and  how  does  such 
contraction  occur  (1G2,  7,  «)  ?  From  what  Greek  letter 


QUESTIONS   ON   VIRGIL.  61 

Hinc  populum  late  rcgcm  bclloque  superbum 
Ventumm  excidio  Libyae  :   sic  volvere  Parcas. 

does  the  y  of  Tyrias  come?     "What  different  relations  of 
time  does  olim  express  ?     What  letter  of  verteret  is  dropped 
in  the  third  root  ?     Why  ?     Would  the  combination  rts  be 
euphonic?      Why   might  not  the  r  or  the  s  be    dropped 
as  well  as  the  1 1     Would  it'  answer  to  drop  a  prominent 
letter  of  the  root  or  of  the  termination  ?     Why  verteret  in 
the  subjunctive  (2G4,  1,  a)  ?     But  is  there  any  demonstra 
tive,  in  the   antecedent  clause  to  which  quae  refers?     Is 
such   demonstrative    often   understood?      Stem   of  arcesf 
Norn,  how  formed  from  it  ?     Why  were  these  arces  called 
Tyrias  f     To  what  does  hinc  refer  ?     In  what  other  way 
might  the  idea  contained  in  it  have  been  expressed  ?     Con 
struction  of  populum  ?     What  does  late  qualify  ?     But  how 
can  an  adverb  qualify  a  noun  (277,  R.  1)?     What  office, 
however,  does  regem  perform,  that  of  a  noun  or  a  participle  ? 
Is  such  a  usage  admissible  in  prose  ?     What  is  the  figure 
by  which  one  part  of  speech  is  used  for  another  [323,  3, 
(*)>  0)]?     Is  Ml0  Abl.  of  respect  or  of  cause?     Does  it 
express  the  cause  of  superbum  ?     But  is  it  war  merely  that 
they  were  to  be  proud  of,  or  does  the  superbum  necessarily 
imply  success,  so  that  the  meaning  is,  proud  of  their  success 
in  war  ?    Would  potcntem  have  been  as  forcible  a  word  here 
as  superbum  ?     Does  superbum  imply  potentem,  and  some 
thing  besides  ?    What  is  understood  with  venturum  ?    What 
Inf.  is  it?     From  what  root  is  the  Fut.  Inf.  formed?    Upon 
what  does  venturum  [essc]  depend?     What  is  its  subject 
Ace.  ?     Composition  of  excidio  ?      Case  ?      What  case  is 
6 


62  QUESTIONS   ON  VIRGIL. 

Id  metuens,  veterisque  memor  Saturnia  belli, 
Prima  quod  ad  Trojam  pro  caris  gesserat  Argis: 
Necdum  etiam  causae  irarum  saevique  dolores 

Libyac,  ?  What  rule  for  two  datives  with  venturum  (227)  ? 
What  do  the  poets  often  use  Libyae  for  ?  To  what  does 
sic  refer,  or  how  much  of  what  precedes  does  it  cover? 
On  what  does  volvere  depend?  What  is  the  pertinence 
of  the  word  here  ?  What  letter  changes  in  the  third  root  ? 
Is  Parcas  the  subject  or  the  object  of  volvere  ?  Derivation  ? 
What  connection  in  meaning  has  it  with  pars  or  partior  ? 
What  is  the  Greek  word  for  Fates  ?  Has  the  Greek  word 
the  same  signification  as  the  Latin?  To  what  does  id 
refer?  How  is  the  d  to  be  explained?35  How  is  the 
superlative  of  veteris  formed  ?  Has  the  word  all  the  degrees 
of  comparison?  Meaning  here?  What  does  que  after 
veteris  connect  ?  Is  memor  compared  ?  Who  is  meant  by 
Saturnia?  Why  so  called?  Subject  of  what  verb  ?  What 
is  meant  by  veteris  belli  ?  How  long  prior  to  the  time  of 
which  the  poet  is  here  speaking  did  the  war  begin  ?  It 
cannot  mean  the  old  or  ancient  war,  then;  what  is  the 
meaning  ?  Does  prima  agree  with  Saturnia  or  a  pronoun 
understood  ?  Does  prima  mean  formerly,  or  as  chief,  fore 
most  ?  Is  quod  here  in  the  position  it  would  have  in  prose  ? 
In  what  part  of  its  clause  does  it  stand  in  prose?36  What 
letter  of  the  stem  does  the  first  s  in  cjesserat  represent  ? 
Why  changed?  What  is  the  second  s?  Norn.  Sing,  of 
Argis?  How  declined?  Where  was  Argos  ?  Does  it 
mean  here  nothing  but  the  city?  What  is  its -meaning? 
The  sentence  commencing  with  nee  is  parenthetic ;  where 


QUESTIONS   ON   VIRGIL.  G3 

Exciderant  animo  :  manet  alta  mentc  repostum 
Judicium  Paridis  spretaeque  injuria  formae, 
Et  genus  invisum,  ct  rapti  Ganymedis  honores : 

does  the  parenthesis  end?  What  is  nee  here,  as  often 
elsewhere,  equivalent  to  (198,  II.  1.  R.  c)  ?  Does  etiam 
here  mean  also,  likewise,  or  even  ?  Upon  what  word  does 
its  force  fall  ?  What  were  the  causae  irarum,  etc.  ?  Where 
expressed?  What  relation,  then,  do  causae  irarum,  etc., 

sustain  to  manet honores  ?     Composition  of  exciderant  ? 

By  what  principle  does  the  a  of  cado  become  i  in  compo 
sition  ?y7  Syntax  of  animo?  Literal  meaning  of  excide 
rant  animo  ?  Subject  of  manet  ?  Why  not  plural  then  ? 
What  idea  is  intended  to  be  conveyed  by  aha  f  Compo 
sition  of  repostum  ?  Stem  of  pono  ?  How  from  the  stem  ' 
pos  is  pono  formed  ?  What  is  the  n  ?  What  letter  does  it 
reject  ?  In  what  roots  does  that  letter  reappear  ?  Why  ? 
What  letter  is  syncopated  in  repostum  ?  What  was  the/z«- 
dicium  Paridis  ?  Who  was  Paris  ?  Stem  of  the  word  ? 
Norn.  ?  Why  the  d  rejected  ?  From  what  verb  does  spretae 
come  ?  What  has  become  of  the  n  of  the  Pres.  ?  What 
change  has  taken  place  in  the  position  of  the  r  f  What  is 
meant  by  metathesis  (322,  9)  ?  From  what  theme,  then,  is 
spretae  formed?38  What  relation  does  spretae  injuria  for 
mae  sustain  to  judicium  Paridis'?  Formae  from  what 
Greek  word?  By  what  change  ?  What  race  is  meant  by 
genus  ?  Why  were  they  invisum  ?  From  whom  was  the 
Trojan  race  descended  ?  Composition  of  invisum  ?  How 
from  invideo,  which  primarily  means  to  look  upon,  or  look 
intently  upon,  does  the  idea  of  hatred  or  envy  come  ?  How 


64  QUESTIONS   ON  VIRGIL. 

His  accensa  super,  jactatos  aequore  toto 
Troas  reliquias  Danaum  atque  immitis  Acliilli, 

do  we  regard  that  which  we  look  upon  with  great  interest, 
and  desire  to  obtain,  but  cannot?  Does  rapti  agree  with 
Ganymedis  or  honoris  ?  Will  the  form  of  the  words  or  the 
connection  either  determine  it  absolutely  ?  Making  it  agree 
with  Ganymedis,  to  what  fact  does  it  refer?  How  was 
Ganymede  carried  away?  Who  was  he?  Why  should 
Juno  complain  of  the  honors  bestowed  upon  him  ?  To  what 
does  his  refer  ?  Composition  of  accensa  ?  The  first  c,  how 
explained  ?  What  letter  is  dropped,  and  why  ?  Incensed  by 
these  things  in  addition  to  (super)  what  else  ?  Which  was 
the  greater  ground  of  her  trouble,  the  circumstances  just 
mentioned,  or  her  fears  that  her  purpose  to  make  Carthnge 
the  ruling  power  among  the  nations  would  be  defeated  by 
the  Trojan  colony  which  was  to  settle  in  Italy?  What 
is  the  simple  verb  from  which  the  frequentative  jacto  is 
formed  ?  Derivation  of  aequore  ?  Construction  ?  Could 
the  preposition  be  omitted  in  prose  if  toto  were  joined  with 
aequore  (254,  R.  2,  b)  ?  Aequor  how  differing  from  mare, 
pontus,  and  pelagus  ?  Difference  between  totus  and  omnis  ? 
Is  Troas  a  pure  Latin  form  (86)  ?  Derivation  of  reliquias  ? 
What  letter  of  the  Pres.  is  dropped?  Does  that  letter 
belong  to  the  root  of  relinquo  ?  Will  it  convey  the  right 
idea  in  English,  to  translate  reliquias  Danium  "  the  rem 
nants  of  the  Greeks "  ;  or  has  the  Gen.  here  a  subjective 
force:  "those  left  or  spared  by  the  Greeks"?  From 
whom  did  the  Danai  derive  their  name?  What  people 
of  Greece  did  the  name  properly  designate  ?  Does  it  in- 


QUESTIONS   ON   VIRGIL.  65 

Arcebat  longe  Latio :  multosquc  per  annos 

elude  nothing  more  than  the  Argives  here,  or  does  it  denote 
the  Greeks  generally  ?  Why  should  the  Danai  more  than 
some  other  class  be  taken  to  represent  the  whole  body 
of  Greeks  ?  Was  this  a  powerful  or  a  weak  tribe  at  the 
time  referred  to  ?  Full  form  instead  of  Danaum  ?  Would  et 
be  as  appropriate  here  as  atque  ?  Which  expresses  the  idea 
of  "  more  particularly,"  "  and  moreover  ?  "  Does  atque  draw 
more  or  less  attention  to  Achilles  than  et  would  ?  Why 
should  any  special  attention  be  drawn  to  him  ?  How  is  the 
first  m  in  immitis  to  be  explained  ?  What  three  other  forms 
of  the  Gen.  of  Achilles  besides  Achilli  (86)  ?  Subject  of 
arcelat  ?  Why  Impf.  ?  Construction  of  Latio  (251)  ?  By 
wnat  means  was  she  keeping  them  from  Latium  ?  What 
object  had  she  in  doing  this?  What  connection  between 
multos  and  its  comparative  plus  ?  Any  in  form  ?  What  is 
the  superlative  of  plus  ?  How  does  the  superlative  pluri- 
mus  come  from  plus  ?  What  is  the  stem  of  plus  ?  What 
is  added  to  the  stem,  then,  to  form  the  superlative  ?  But 
do  not  stems  ending  in  r,  as  veter,  miser,  etc.,  add  rimus  to 
the  stem  for  the  superlative?  Why  not  plurrimus,  then, 
with  two  r's  ?  Is  the  u  in  plus,  however,  long  or  short  ? 
Does  the  vowel  then  need  to  be  lengthened  by  position  ? 
But  is  the  e  before  r  in  veter  long  or  short  ?  Why  is  per 
expressed  here  ?  Would  not  annos  be  in  the  Ace.  of  dura 
tion  of  time  without  it  ?  Does  the  poet  wish  to  make  the 
length  of  time  as  prominent  as  possible,  or  the  reverse  ? 
Is  the  length  of  time  more  prominent  with  or  without  per  ? 
He  says  "many  years"  —  how  many?  Why  did  he*not 
G* 


G6  QUESTIONS   ON  VIRGIL. 

Errabant  acti  fatis  maria  omnia  circum. 
Tantae  molis  erat  Romanam  condere  gentem ! 

name  the  number  definitely,  then  ?  Is  the  impression  more 
or  less  forcible  by  the  indefinite  mode  of  expression  ?  The 
idea  of  the  length  of  time,  then,  is  here  denoted  in  three  dif 
ferent  ways  —  what  are  they  ?  Does  the  form  of  the  verb 
errabant  also  contribute  to  the  same  effect?  What  feature 
of  that  fqrm  does  this  ?  By  what  principle  does  the  g  in 
ago  become  c  in  acti  ?3D  Why  maria  omnia,  and  not  mare 
omne,  as  all  his  wanderings  were  in  the  Mediterranean? 
What  is  noticeable  about  the  position  of  circum  ?  Construc 
tion  of  molis  (211,  R.  8.  3)?  Is  it  necessary  to  suppose 
that  any  substantive  is  omitted  here  by  which  molis  is  gov 
erned  ?  Does  not  the  Gen.  follow  sum  constantly  to  denote 
the  relations  expressed  by  the  rule  of  the  grammar  ?  What 
is  the  subject  of  erat?  Why  erat  in  the  Impf.?  Does  it 
imply  that  the  difficulty  existed  at  every  step  in  the  efforts 
to  establish  the  nation  ? 


XENOPHON. 

QUESTIONS    ON    THE    FIRST    CHAPTER    OF 
THE  ANABASIS. 

WAS  Xenophon  born  at  Athens  ?    Where  ?    Why  called 
an  Athenian,  then  ?     When  was  he  born  ?     Can  the  time 
be  determined  definitely  ?     How   much  is  known  of  his 
early  life?     In  what  battle  did  he  take  part  more  than 
twenty  years  before  the  Expedition  of  Cyrus  ?     How  does 
tradition  report  him  to  have  been  saved  in  that  battle? 
Was  there  any  intimacy  between  him  and  Socrates  in  after 
life  ?    From  whom  did  he  receive  his  most  valuable  instruc 
tion  ?     Had  Socrates  any  particular  place  where  he  in 
structed  his  pupils?1     Through  whose  influence  was  Xeno 
phon  induced  to  join  the  Expedition  ?     From  what  part  of 
Greece  was  Proxenus?    Why  had  he  come  to  Athens? 
Under   what    circumstances   had    Xenophon   become   ac 
quainted  with  him  ?2     In  what  did  Gorgias  give  instruc 
tion  ?     Did  Xenophon  connect  himself  with  the  Expedition 
for  the  purpose  of  taking  part  in  it,  or  that  he  might  be 
associated  with  his  friend,  and  obtain  some  advantage  from 
Cyrus  ?     At  about  what  age  did  he  join  the  Expedition  ? 
Did   he  consult  any  one  in  regard  to  going?      Whom? 
What  answer  did  Socrates  give  him  ?     Did  he  follow  the 
directions  given  ?     How  did  he  deviate  from  them  ? 


68  QUESTIONS   OX   THE  ANABASIS. 

During  the  Peloponnesian  war  Cyrus  had  cooperated 
with  the  Peloponnesians  against  the  Athenians  —  was  it 
consistent,  then,  for  Xenophon,  as  an  Athenian,  to  join  those 
who  had  aided  the  enemies  of  his  country  ?  Did  his  coun 
trymen  look  upon  his  course  as  treasonable  ?  Did  he  ever 
return  to  Athens  after  he  joined  the  Expedition  ?  Was 
there  anything  to  prevent  his  doing  so  ?  What  ?  Did  he 
engage  in  any  other  military  enterprise  after  that  of  Cyrus  ? 
Did  he  fight  against  his  countrymen  in  any  battle?  In 
what  ?  Where  did  he  settle  after  his  military  campaigns 
were  over?  Who  gave  him  this  place?3  Is  it  probable 
that  he  wrote  his  works  there  ?  Did  he  continue  there  the 
remainder  of  his  life  ?  Where  did  he  probably  die  ?  At 
about  what  age  ? 

What  was  the  object  of  the  Expedition  of  Cyrus  ?  Why 
called  Anabasis?  To  how  much  of  the  whole  treatise 
called  the  Anabasis  does  the  term  properly  belong  ?  What 
is  the  remainder  properly  called  ?  Who  was  King  of  Per 
sia  at  the  time  the  Expedition  commenced  ?  How  long  had 
he  been  king  ?  Had  Cyrus  any  claim  to  the  throne  in  pref 
erence  to  Artaxerxes  ?  Which  was  the  elder  son  ?  Was 
either  or  both  of  them  born  before  Darius  came  to  the 
throne  ?  Had  there  been  any  instance  in  which  a  younger 
son  had  become  king,  to  the  exclusion  of  an  elder  one  ? 
What  ?  Was  Xerxes  the  eldest  son  born  after  his  father 
was  king  ?  Was  this  the  case  with  Cyrus  ?  Being  the 
eldest  son  of  King  Darius,  and  having  the  precedent  of 
Xerxes  before  him,  had  he  any  ground  to  suppose  that  the 
kingdom  might  be  given  to  him  ?  In  what  year  did  the 
Expedition  commence  ?  What  peculiar  facilities  were  there 


QUESTIONS   OX   THE   ANABASIS.  69 

AAPEIOT  Kal  ILzpiKjttTtSo?  <yl<yvovTai  TratSe?  Bvo, 

at  this  time  for  obtaining  Grecian  soldiers  ?     What  long- 
protracted  war  in  Greece  had  just  terminated  ?     Were  the 
soldiers  who  had  been  engaged  in  that  war  now  thrown  out 
of  employment  ?     Had  Cyrus  assisted  either  the  Athenians 
or   Lacedemonians   in  the    Peloponnesian  war?     Which? 
What  advantage  would  that  be  to  him  in  obtaining  soldiers  ? 
Were  most  of  his  Grecian  mercenaries  Athenians  or  Pelo- 
ponnesians?     Why?     In  what  month  did  the  Expedition 
start  from  Ephesus  ?     In  what  from  Sardis  ?4     Did  either 
the  Grecian  or  Barbarian  force  of  Cyrus  understand  the 
object  he  had  in  view  ?     The  whole  time  occupied  in  the 
Expedition  ?    What  position  did  Cyrus  hold  at  the  time  it 
commenced  ?    At  what  age  had  he  been  appointed  satrap  ?5 
Whom  did  he  succeed?     What  did  his  satrapy  embrace  ?* 
Who  were  the  two  satraps  associated  with  him?     What 
relation  did  he  sustain  to  them  ?7    Where  were  the  satrapies 
of  the  other  two  ?     How  many  years  had  he  held  his  office 
before  the  Expedition  ?     What  was  his  age  when  it  com 
menced?     What  was  the  condition  of  the  Persian  Empire 
at  this  time,  compared  with  its  condition  a  hundred  years 
previous  ?     What  two  expeditions  had  the  Persians  made 
in  that  time  into  Greece  ?     With  what  result  ? 

Nom.  of  ILxpuo-ariSos  ?  Stem  ?  How  is  the  stem  found 
in  the  third  declension  (32,  1)  ?  What  letter  rejects  8  in 
the  Norn.  (8.  7)  ?  How  can  it  reappear  in  the  Gen.?8 
What  is  the  a-  that  is  appended  to  the  stem  ?9  Construction 
of  Aapa'ov  and  IXapt^TiSos  (158,  1)  ?  Who  was  the  father 
of  Darius?  Of . Parysatis  ?  What  is  the  syllable  7t  in 


70  QUESTIONS   ON  THE  ANABASIS. 

TTpeafivrepo?    JJLGV    ^Apra^ep^rj^    vecorepos    Be    Kvpos. 


yiyvovrai  (123)  ?  The  reduplication  prefixed  to  the  Pre%. 
is  retained  only  in  what  two  tenses  ?  "What  effect  has  this 
syllable  on  the  simple  root  or  stem  of  the  verb?10  What 
is  the  root  (123)  ?  When  does  the  excluded  e  reappear?11 
How  from  the  stem  yev  is  the  Fut.  yev^o-o//,ai  formed  ?  The 
Fut.  being  formed  from  the  stem  by  appending  the  tense 
characteristic  cr  and  the  ending,  the  regular  Fut.  of  the  stem 
yev  would  be  yeV-cr-o/xcu,  —  what  objection  to  such  a  form  ? 
Was  the  combination  of  cr  and  a  liquid  euphonious  to  a  Gre 
cian  ear  ?  What  then  is  done  in  forming  the  Fut.  of  this 
word,  to  obviate  the  harshness  of  the  sound?12  How  is  the 
Pres.  yiyvovro.1  used  here  (152,  4)  ?  What  advantage  has 
such  a  present  tense  over  a  past  ?  Stem  of  TrcuSes  ?  Nom.  ? 
What  becomes  of  the  8  in  the  Nom.  ?  Accent  of  the  Gen. 
and  Dat,  Sing.?  Principle  (33,  III.,  b)  ?  Peculiarity  of 
accent  in  Gen.  PI.  (33,  III.,  Exceptions)?  Dat,  PI.? 
What  letter  is  there  dropped,  and  why  ?  Any  other  form 
besides  Sw>  ?  Can  &vo  and  Svo)  be  used  indiscriminately  ? 
Difference  of  usage?13  What  English  word  from  Svo? 
Had  Darius  but  two  children  ?  How  many  ?  Why  then 
does  Xenophon  mention  but  two  here  ?  Had  he  any  occa 
sion  to  speak  of  more  than  two  ?  The  comparative  Trpeo-- 
fivrepos,  how  formed  (50,  III.)  ?  Pure  stein  of  the  posi 
tive?  Why  the  comparative  used?  How  many  objects 
are  brought  into  view  always  by  the  comparative  ?  What 
is  the  office  of  /xeV  here  ?  Is  it  generally  to  be  translated 
into  English?  With  what  particle  does  it  correspond? 
How  is  the  Se  following  /xeV  to  be  generally  translated  ?  In 


QUESTIONS   ON  THE   ANABASIS.  71 

l  Be  ^cr^eVei  dapelos  /cal  vTTMTrreve  re\evr^v  rov 


what  kind  of  clauses  or  members,  then,  do  //.eV  .  .  .  8«  stand  ?14 
What  is  their  position  in  their  respective  members  ?  Do 
they  ever  stand  first  ?  Declension  of  ^pra^ep^?  ?  Voca 
tive  Sing.  ?  Why  (27)?  Why  i/ewrepos  and  not  vcorcpos 
(50,  1.  a)  ?  How  are  all  superlatives  accented  in  the  Nom.? 
Why  the  accent  on  KCU,  //,ei/,  &  depressed  (12,  1)?  Of 
what  word  do  'Apralep^s  and  Kupos  denote  the  parts? 
Accent  of  Krpos  in  the  Gen.?  Ground  for  the  change 
(11,  1,  a,  /?)  ?  Does  the  circumflex  on  the  v  of  KSpos  de 
note  that  the  vowel  is  long,  or  short,  or  neither  (10,  3)  ? 
What  does  €7ret  connect?  What  8«?  Composition  of 
ryov^eW  ?  Why  Impf.  ?  By  the  Impf.  does  the  writer  state 
the  permanent  condition  of  the  king,  or  the  mere  fact  that 
he  was  sick  ?  What  past  tense  would  state  the  fact  simply  ? 
Are  vTTWTrreve  and  e/Jov'Aero  in  the  Impf.  for  the  same  reason 
as  rja-Scvct,  viz.,  to  denote  the  permanency  of  the  state  of 
mind  which  they  respectively  denote  ?  Why  has  Aapetos 
the  circumflex  on  the  penult,  but  Aapetov  above  the  acute  ? 
Composition  of  inrunrreve  ?  What  has  become  of  the  final 
vowel  of  the  preposition  ?  Why  ?  How  is  the  w  to  be  ex 
plained?  What  has  lengthened  it  from  o  (8G)  ?  Force  of 
the  VTTO  in  composition,  —  does  it  strengthen  or  diminish  the 
meaning  of  the  simple  verb  owrewo  ?  What  preposition  in 
Latin  has  the  same  force  as  VTTO  here  ?  Does  the  Latin  word 
suspicio  (sub  +  ppicio)  have  the  same  meaning  as  VTTCOTT- 
reve  ?  What  English  word  of  the  same  signification,  coming 
from  the  Latin  ?  Is  a  suspicion  a  full  view  of  a  thing,  or 
a  partial  one?  Force  of  the  article  with  /3i'ov  (148,  3)? 


72  QUESTIONS   OX  THE  ANABASIS. 


/3tbi>,  e{3ov\€TO  ra>  TraiSe  a^orepa)  Trape'ivai.     * 
ovv   Trpeo-jSurepos   iraptov    ervy^ave'     Kvpov   £e 


If  the  word  were  /3tov  instead  of  ftwv%  what  would  be  the 
meaning?  Do  we  give  to  words  of  the  same  form  a  differ 
ent  meaning  by  a  change  of  accent  ?  What  does  record 
mean  ?  What  record'  ?  What  part  of  ejSovAero  is  root  ? 
What  is  the  first  e?  Second?  The  syllable  TO?  What 
is  the  Fut.  ?  What  letter  must  be  appended  to  the  stem  to 
form  the  Fut.  and  Perf.  (125,  4)?  Why?12  Why  the 
article  TW  (148,  3)  ?  What  number  is  TratSe?  Is  the  Dual 
always  used  when  two  objects  are  spoken  of  (147,  R.  3)  ? 
The  form  TratSe  may  be  Nom.,  Ace.,  or  Voc.,  —  which  is 
it  here,  and  what  determines  it  ?  Construction  ?  What 
classes  of  verbs  take  an  Inf.  as  their  complement  (171,  2, 
and  for  the  Ace.  TratSe,  172)?  Derivation  of  d/x<^orepo>? 
Composition  of  TrapeTi/at  ?  What  has  become  of  the  iinal 
vowel  of  the  preposition?  Root  of  eu/at  in  Trapetvat? 
Whence  comes  the  et  ?  15  From  what  old  Inf.  ending  does 
the  vat  of  Trapeti/at  come  (206,  11)  ?  Rule  for  accentuation 
of  infinitives  in  vat  (84,  4,  a)  ?  Upon  what  does  the  Inf. 
Trapetvat  depend  (171,  2,  a)  ?  What  is  its  subject  Ace.? 
In  the  sentence  introduced  by  eW,  there  is  a  principal  and 
a  subordinate  clause,  —  which  is  principal,  and  which  sub 
ordinate  (179,  2)  ?  Is  the  clause  commencing  with  «W 
and  ending  with  )8iov,  a  substantive,  adjective,  or  adverbial 
clause  (179,  3)  ?16  Does  ovv  ever  stand  at  the  beginning 
of  its  clause  ?  To  what  does  it  here  refer  ;  i.  e.,  of  what 
does  it  denote  an  inference  or  consequence  ?  Is  it  stronger 
or  weaker  than  apa?17  From  what  does  '  Trapojv  come? 


QUESTIONS   ON  THE  ANABASIS.  73 

airo  rrj?  apxfy  fy  avrbv  crarpa7rt]V  errolri<T€, 


What  is  its  relation  to  trvyxavc  (175,  3)  ?     Does 
here  mean  "  happened,"  or  does  it  signify  «  coincidence," 
having  an  adverbial  force,  and  with  vapw  to  be  translated 
was  at  that  time,  just  then,  present?      Root  of  Iruyxare? 
Whence  comes  the  y  (121,  b)  ?     The  syllable  av  (121,  a)  ? 
From  what  stem  is  the  Fut.  rcv^at  formed   (121,  1C)? 
From  what  the  Perf.  renfoica  ?     Why  must  an  e  be  ap 
pended   to  the    stem   rvx   to   form   the   Perf.?      Could  a 
euphonic  Perf.  be  formed  without  assuming  the  e?     Is  Se 
after  ~Kvpov  adversative  or  continuative  ;  *'.  e.,  does  it  mean 
hit  or  and?     Force  of  /acra  in  /^raTn^Trercu  ?     Does   the 
English  use  a/fer  in  that  sense?     Why  the  verb  in  the 
middle  voice  ?     Difference  between  the  Act.  and  Mid.  of 
this    verb?      Fut.  Mid.?      What   elements   form   the  ^? 
What  kind  of  a  Pres.  is  it?     Why  is  the  Pres.  used  rather 
than  a  past  tense  ?     What  is  the  general  rule  for  the  accen 
tuation   of  the   verb  ?      Does  the  accent  of  /xeraTre/xTrerat 
correspond  with  that  rule  ?     How  are  the  regular  prep 
ositions  accented,  on  the  penult  or  the  ultimate?     Why 
the  article  with  ap^?     Why  T^s  and  dp^9  circumflexed 
on  the  ultimate  ?     What  cases  of  oxytones  in  the  Norn,  are 
uniformly  perispomenon  (26,  5,  a)  ?     From  what  does  7% 
come  ?     What  must  be  the  assumed  or  ideal  form  from 
which  it  comes  ?18     What  did  the  dm'  of  Cyrus  embrace  ? 
Construction   of  7^?      Of  aMv  and   o-arpaV^    (160,  3)? 
Can  a-a.rp6.Trqv  properly  be  considered  in   apposition  with 
afoov?      Which   of  these   two   accusatives    stands  in  the 
relation  of  a  predicate  ?     Peculiarity  in  the  inflection  of 
7 


74  QUESTIONS    ON   THE  ANABASIS. 

KOI  crTpaT'rjyov  8e  avrov  avreSefc^e  irdvTwv  OCTOL  ei?  Kacr- 

avrov  (60)  ?     Is  craTpa7rr?v  a  word  of  Greek  origin  ?     From 
what  language  is  it  derived  ?    Verb  stem  of  eTroi'^cre  ?    Tense 
stem?     Tense  characteristic  (79,  1)?     What  actual  rela 
tion  of  time  does  eTroi'^cre  express  ?     What  tense  would  the 
English  naturally  use  here  ?     WThy  does  not  the  Greek  ? 
Did  the  Greek  prefer  the  Aor.   to  the  less  pliant  Plupf. 
except  where  great  precision  of  time  was  required  ? 19    Force 
of  KCU  before  a-rparrjyov  ?     Upon  what  word  does  its  force 
fall  ?     With  what  word  does  it  contrast  o-rpar^yov  ?     When 
the  combination  KCU  8e  occurs  in  a  sentence,  what  is  the 
position  of  the  word  to  which  KCU  refers,  or  on  which  its 
force  falls?20      Composition   of  o-rpaT^yw?      What  letter 
would  regularly  stand  instead  of  rj?     How  is  the  change 
to  be  explained?21     Government  of  arpa.T'rjyov  and  avroV? 
Pros,  of  cwrcSci^e?     Composition?     Force  of  COTO?     Root 
of  the  simple  word  ?     What  is  added  to  the  root  to  form 
the  Pres.  ?     When  is  w  and  when  vw  added  to  the  root 
(128,  II.)  ?     In  what  tenses  is  w  or  vw  retained?     What 
are  the  elements  in  the  £  of  cnre'Sei^  ?     Whence  comes  the 
a-  in  the  £?     What  is  the  tense  characteristic  of  the  Fut., 
first  Aor.  Act.,  etc,    (79,  1)?      Stem   of  TTOLVTUV?     What 
letter  rejects  vr  in   the  Nom.  Sing,  masculine?     What  is 
that  o-?22     How  does  the  accent  of  irai/ra>v  differ  from  that 
of  monosyllabic  words  of  the  third  Dec.  (33,  III.  Excip- 
tions)  ?    Is  it  then  an  exception  to  an  exception  ?    To  what 
rule  is  it  an  exception  ?     Docs  TTUS  follow  the  accentuation 
of  monosyllabic  words,  except  in  this   case?     Why  does 
tand   after   U7re3et|e,   and   not   with   o-rpar^yoV,   by 


QUESTIONS   ON  THE  ANABASIS.  75 


T<D\OV  -ir&iGv   a&poigovTcu.      'Ava/Balvtt,  otv  6   Kvpo? 
0)9  fyikov  KOL  rwv  rE\\ijva)v  Se 


which  it  is  governed  ?     What  is  the  general  position  of  the 
antecedent  with  respect  to  the  relative,  near  or  remote? 
Would  the  relative  ol  have  the  same  force  as  oo-ot  here  ? 
What  is  the  difference  ?     Which  contains  the  idea  of  num 
ber?     Eis  appears  without  an  accent;  is  it  a  proclitic  or 
enclitic?     What  is  meant  by  a  proclitic  (13)  ?     From  the 
circumflex  on  the  Gen.  ending  of  KaoroAov,  what  must  be 
the  accent  of  the  Norn.  ?     Where  was  Castolus  ?     IleSiW  is 
allied  to  what  word,  meaning  foot  ?     The  neuter  noun  TreSiW 
is  paroxytone  ;  is  any  neuter  noun  ever  oxytone  ?     Deri 
vation  of  u£pot£oi/rcu  ?     Why  the  Pres.  ?     Does  it  refer  to 
their  assembling  once,  or  from  year  to  year  ?     Why  di/a- 
£at'm   and  not  the  simple  £aiV«  ?     What  feature  in  the 
position  of  the  place  to  which  he  was  going,  requires  the 
compound  form  ?     To  what  place  was  he  going?     Root  of 
/feiVoj  ?    What  letters  are  inserted  to  form  the  Pres.  ?     Into 
what  letter  is  the  stem  vowel  changed  in  the  Fut.  ?     Why 
the  Pres.  used  here  instead  of  the  Aor.?     To  what  does 
ow  refer,  to  the  same  fact  as  the  previous  ow  ?     Stem  of 
Aa/?oW     How  from  the  stem  Xa/3  is   the  Pres.  Aa/^a™ 
formed  (121,  a  and  b)  ?     How  is  the  p.  before  p  to  be  ex 
plained  (8,  6)  ?     Is  the  Fut.  in  the  Act.  or  Mid.  form  ? 
What  change  takes  place  in  the  stem  vowel  in  the  Fut.  ? 
Rule  for  accent  of  Xaf^  (84,  3,  a)  ?     Could  the   Latin 
express  Xaftw  Tio-o-a^epv^i/  in  the  same  way  ?     Why  not  ? 
Has  the  Latin  any  past  Act.  participle  ?     How  may  it  be 
translated  into  Latin?     Of  what  two  declensions  is  TWa- 


76  QUESTIONS    ON   THE   ANABASIS. 

OTTTuW    avejSrj  -rpiaKoeiovs,   ap^ovra   Be  avrwv 
Happdaiov. 


?     Of  which  is  the  Norn.  ?    Who  was  Tissaphernes  1 
What  post  had  he  held  previous  to  Cyrus's  arrival  in  Asia 
Minor?     Construction  of  </uAov  ?     Is  there  reason  to  sup 
pose  that  Cyrus  regarded  Tissaphernes  as  a  friend,  or  did 
he  take  him  because  he  feared  he  might  intrigue  against 
him   in  his  absence?     Force  of  KCU  before  ™v?     Is  it  a 
connective  here  ?     What  is  the  connective  in  this  clause  ? 
What  word  does  'EXX^vwv  restrict  or  explain  ?     What  other 
word  explains  oTrAmxs?     The  use  of  ZX<»V  here>  and  fre" 
quently  elsewhere,  corresponds  nearly  with  what  English 
preposition?     Fut.  of  cXw?     Wh7  the  Fut  ^  (ilsPirated) 
when  the  Pres.  is  IXM  (8>  10)  ?     Aor-  Act'  of  ^w?    ImPf-? 
What  peculiarity  in  that  tense?     How  many  verbs  have 
the   same   (87,  3)?      Voc.    Sing,    of  oTrXiras?      Accent? 
Why   properispomenon  in  Voc.,  but   not   here  ?      Is  the 
ending  as  long  or  short?     Accent  of  Gen.  PI.  (2G,  4,  y)  ? 
Principle  ?     What  nouns  have  a  and  what  77  in  the  Yoc. 
Sing.  (27)  ?     From  what  noun  is  oTrAiras  derived?     What 
is  the  e  in  <W/fy  ?     What  has  it  excluded  ?     Is  aveprj  tran 
sitive   or  intransitive  ?      Is   this  tense  formed  regularly  ? 
Like  what  class  of  verbs  ?      Stem  of  apxovra  ?      What 
letter  of  the  stem  is  dropped  in  the  Norn.  (35)  ?     Dat.  PI. 
of  the   word?      What   two   letters    are    dropped?     What 
letter  rejects  these  ?     What  change  takes  place  as  a  com 
pensation  for  the  letters  dropped  (8,  8)  ?     Would  roiW 
be  more  or  less    emphatic  than  avrwv  here?23     If  there 
were  no  pronouns,  what  word  must  be  used  here  instead 


QUESTIONS   ON  THE   ANABASIS.  77 

£e   eVeXeur^cre   Aapelos   /col   Karecrrrj   et?  TTJ 


of  auruii/  ?     Dec.  of  Sev  tai/  ?     Where  was  Parrhasia,  from 
which  Zenias  came  ? 

What  does  e^eiS^  connect?  What  Se?  Derivation  of 
ereAeuTT/ore  ?  TeAeur?;  from  what  ?  To  what  tense  is  the 
Aor.  after  adverbs  of  time,  like  eVeiS?},  equivalent  ?  Why  is 
not  the  Plupf.  used,  then  (152,  R.  G)  ?  Which  of  the  tenses 
is  the  less  stiff  and  flexible  ?  What  is  the  principal  clause 
of  which  eTreiSr/  Se  eYeAevT^cre  is  the  subordinate  ?  In  what 
year  did  Darius  die  ?  Composition  of  /care'cm;  ?  Stem  of 
the  simple  verb  (128,  I.  a)  ?  Whence  comes  the  aspirate 
I  of  the  Pres.  ?24  What  is  this  I  ?  In  what  tenses  retained  ? 
Pres.  of  Kare'oT???  Why  the  r  of  Kara  changed  into  $ 
(8,  2)  ?  How  is  r  brought  into  juxtaposition  with  the 
aspirated  I  (90,  1  )  ?  Difference  between  the  first  and 
second  Aor.  of  IO-T^L  (150,  2)  ?  Why  the  article  with 
/2uo-iA.eiW  ?  From  the  accent  on  fiaaiXeiav  what  may  be 
inferred  in  regard  to  the  quantity  of  the  ultimate  (10,  5)  ? 
If  the  ultimate  were  short,  what  would  the  accent  be  ? 
How  is  /SacriAeia,  kingdom,  distinguished  from  /?aa-tXeia, 
queen  ?  Root  of  Sia/2aAAa>  ?  Is  it  a  mute  or  liquid  verb 
(111)  ?  Whence  the  second  X  (111,  2)  ?  What  becomes 
of  it  in  the  Fut.  ?  Are  any  strengthening  letters  retained 
beyond  the  Pres.  and  Impf.  ?  How  comes  the  Future  of 
this  and  other  liquid  verbs  to  be  circumflexed  ?  What 
would  be  the  full  form  of  the  Fut.  of  this  word  prior  to 
any  syncopation  and  contraction  (111  R.  1)  ?  What  letter 
is  syncopated  ?  After  the  syncopation  what  takes  place  ? 
7* 


78  QUESTIONS   ON  THE  ANABASIS. 

Kvpov  irpos  TOV  a$e\(f)ov  o>9  €7ri/3ov\€voi  avra).     eO  Se 

"Why  do  not  liquid  verbs  form  the  future  in  -erw,  like  other 
verbs  ?  Is  the  combination  of  a  liquid  and  tr,  as  /3aA.<ra>, 
euphonious  ?  Does  /3aAAw  form  a  first  or  second  Aor. 
Act.  ?  "What  is  its  Aor.  Act.  ?  How  formed  ?  Do  verbs 
generally  have  more  than  one  Aor.  Act.  ?  Is  there  usually 
any  difference  of  meaning  between  a  first  and  second  Aor. 
(for  exceptions  see  150,  2)?  "When  a  verb  is  said  to  be 
in  the  first  or  second  Aor.,  is  anything  more  meant  than 
tliat  each  has  a  form  peculiar  to  itself?  Peculiarity  in  the 
Perf.  of  ySaXXco  (117,2)?  Reason  for  this  metathesis? 
Could  a  euphonic  Perf.  be  formed  from  the  unchanged 
stem  /3oX  ?  Primary  meaning  of  Sia/2aAA.ei  ?  Force  of  8ia  ? 
What  kind  of  a  Pres.  ?  What  different  cases  does  Trpos 
govern?  Why  the  article  with  dS<rA<£oV  (148,  3)?  In 
what  case  is  the  accent  of  dSeA</>os  anomalous  (28,  R.  2)  ? 
What  does  u>s  connect?  With  reference  to  accentuation, 
what  is  it  called  (13,  c)  ?  Why  e7ri/3ouAeuoi  in  the  Opt.? 
When  the  verb  of  the  principal  clause  is  in  the  present 
tense,  is  the  verb  of  the  dependent  clause  usually  in  the 
Opt.  (181,  R.)?  Why  is  it  so  here?  Aux^dAAei,  though 
in  the  Present,  is  equivalent  to  what  tense  ?  May  iinpov- 
XCVOL  also  be  considered  in  oratio  obligua,  there  being  a 
verb  of  saying  understood  :  "  saying  that  he  was  plotting 
against  him"?  Why  are  8ta/3aXXet  and  eTri/JoiAcvot  par- 
oxy tones,  while  d^e'Sei^e  and  ereAev'-nyo-c  are  proparoxy tones  ? 
Construction  of  avrw  ?  May  it  be  considered  the  limiting 
Dative  ?  What  word  does  it  limit,  and  what  is  meant 
when  it  is  said  to  limit  that  word  ?  If  avrw  were  removed, 


QUESTIONS   ON   THE  ANABASIS. 
re   /cal  crv\\ap/3dvei  Kvpov  o>?  a 


would  the  expression  be  definite  ?  Might  cdrrw  be  also  con 
sidered  the  Dat.  of  disadvantage  ?  What  is  the  difference 
between  the  limiting  Dat.  and  the  Dat.  of  advantage  or  dis 
advantage  (161,  2,  c,  3)?  What  part  of  speech  is  6? 
How  used  here  ?  Was  its  earliest  use  that  of  an  article 
or  a  pronoun  ?  Is  its  pronominal  use  frequent  in  Attic 
Greek?25  Fut.  of  Trei'^erai?  What  becomes  of  the  3? 
What  letter  rejects  it?  What  is  that  a-  (79,  1)  ?  Second 
Perf.  Act.?  What  class  of  verbs  have  ot  in  the  second 
Perf.  (102,  4)  ?  Have  re  KOLI  the  same  force  that  /cat  alone 
would  have ;  i.  e.,  is  the  idea  of  the  verbs  brought  out  more 
or  less  prominently  by  re  KCU  than  it  would  have  been  by 
/cat  (178.  3)  ?  How  can  the  force  of  the  two  be  expressed 
in  English  ?  Composition  of  cruXXa/A/?aj/ei  ?  How  does  the 
v  of  the  preposition  become  X  (8,  4)  ?  But  what  will  this 
X  become  in  the  Impf.  ?  Does  the  cause  which  changed 
it  into  X  exist  in  the  Impf.  ?  What  influence  has  the  prep 
osition  upon  the  meaning  of  the  simple  word?  Does  it 
imply  the  combined  action  of  several  persons,  or  the  con 
centrated  effort  of  one  ?  Perf.  Act.  of  the  verb  ?  What 
peculiarity  in  the  form  of  the  Perf.  ?  How  many  verbs 
have  this  peculiarity  (88,  4)  ?  What  would  be  the  regular 
reduplication,  instead  of  d  ?  Whence  comes  the  syllable 
et  ? 26  Force  of  ws  before  aTro/crevtov  ?  Does  it  denote  pur 
pose?  Does  not  the  Fut.  Part,  denote  purpose  without  <k? 
If  d>s  were  omitted  here,  would  the  action  indicated  by 
dTroKTe/tov  be  presented  as  a  fact,  or  as  a  representation,  — 
something  which  Artaxerxes  is  represented  or  considered 


80  QUESTIONS   ON  THE  ANABASIS. 


avrov  airoTre/jLTrei  ird\iv  eVl 
'O  8'  &)?  a7n}XSe  KivSwevaas  /cal 


as  intending  to  do?  With  ws,  which  of  these  meanings  is 
given  ;  i.  e.,  does  <os  O-TTOKTWUV  denote  the  writer's  view,  so 
that  he  is  responsible  for  it  as  a  historical  statement,  or  is 
it  the  view,  thought,  intention,  of  Artaxerxes  ?  27  From 
what  Pres.  does  aTroKrcvcuv  come  ?  What  becomes  of  the  t 
in  the  Fut.  ?  How  does  that  t  come  to  stand  in  the  Pres. 
(111,2)?  What  is  the  Perf.  generally  used  in  Attic? 
Why  that  form  (111,5)?  Why  the  article  with  fjirjrrjp? 
In  what  cases  does  it  reject  e?  In  what  one  assume  a? 
Which  have  an  irregular  accent  (39)  ?  Why  e&mycra/xeV?/ 
in  the  Mid.  voice  ?  Force  of  the  preposition  ?  Why  e£ 
and  not  CK  ?  Has  the  Act.  aTroTre/xTret  just  the  same  rela 
tion  as  the  Mid.  would  ?  Which  denotes  the  idea  of  sending 
away  merely,  and  which  that  of  sending  away  from  one's  self? 
Though  the  two  voices  are  thus  different,  might  either  be 
used  here?  Primary  meaning  of  7raA.tj/?  What  different 
cases  does  CTTI  govern  ?  How  is  ».pxn  accented  in  the  Gen. 
and  Dat.  ?  On  what  principle?  How  are  all  genitives 
PL  of  the  first  Dec.  accented  ?  Why  ?  Are  the  endings 
of  all  nouns  of  the  first  Dec.  the  same  in  the  Dual  and 
Plural?  Is  it  so  in  the  Sing.?  Is  3'  before  cbs  adversative 
or  continuative  ?  What  is  the  mark  after  the  8'  ?  What 
does  it  indicate  ?  Does  <!>?  here  have  the  same  meaning  as 
ws  before  </>t'Aoi/  above  ?  What  is  its  meaning  ?  What  does 
it  connect  ?  From  what  Pres.  docs  aTrr/X^e  come  ?  From 
what  root?  What  connection  has  it  with  Ip^o/xat?  Any 
in  form  ?  The  Fut.  of  fyxopai  for  Attic  Greek  ?  Why 


QUESTIONS   ON  THE  ANABASIS.  81 

?,  /SovXeverat,  OTTOJ?  ^TTOTG  en,  ecrrcu  eVl  TOO 


the  different  tenses  from  different  roots?28  Full  form, 
instead  of  <x7n}A$e  ?  Why  not  accented  on  the  antepenult 
(84,  2)  ?  Why  properispomenon  (10,  5,  b)  ?  From  what 
noun  is  /afSuvewras  derived?  Rule  for  accentuation  (84, 
R.  3)  ?  From  the  acute  on  the  penult  what  may  be  in 
ferred  in  regard  to  the  quantity  of  the  ultimate  ?  What 
makes  the  final  syllable  long  in  all  such  participles  (190,  e)  ? 
What  two  letters  have  been  dropped  ?  What  relation  does 
this  participle  denote,  that  of  time,  cause,  conditionally,  or 
what  (176)  ?  What  is  the  Latin  conjunction  corresponding 
to  /cat?  Composition  of  drt/xao-^ets  ?  From  what  does* 
ri/xaw  come  ?  From  what  ri/xrj  ?  Primary  meaning  of 
Tiu>  ?  In  how  many  senses  is  a  prefixed  to  words  ?  What 
would  be  the  full  ending  instead  of  -eis  in  drt/xao-^et?  ? 
What  two  letters  are  dropped  in  the  ending,  —  the  same 
as  in  Kii/Sweu'cras  ?  Why  then  the  ending  -a?  in  one  word 
and  -«'s  in  the  other?29  What  is  the  £  in  (m/*ao-£«s  ? 
Rule  for  accentuation  (84,  3,  c)  ?  What  Latin  participle 
is  equivalent  to  the  Greek  Aorist  ?  To  what  two  tenses  in 
Greek  does  the  Latin  Perf.  correspond  ?  Meaning  of  the 
word  Aorist  ?  Composition  ?  Why  fiovXevtraL  in  the  Mid.  ? 
Difference  between  Act.  and  Mid.  of  this  word  ?  Which 
means  to  give  advice,  and  which  to  get  advice  or  deliberate  ? 
How  is  OTTCOS  related  to  TTCOS  ;  in  what  kind  of  clauses  is  each 
used  (G3,  b)  ?  Origin  of  the  6  in  oTrw??30  Is  OTTCO?  fol 
lowed  by  any  other  mood  than  the  Indie.  Fut,,  as  here  ? 
What?  With  what  class  of  verbs  is  the  Fut.  the  usual 
tense  (181,  4)  ?  What  does  OTTOJS  connect?  Why  //,7/Trore 


82  t  QUESTIONS   ON  THE  ANABASIS. 

<£co,   aXX',   TJV  &vwr)Tcu,   /SaaiXevaret,  avr    eiceivov.    Tla- 

and  not  oiWre  (177,  5)  ?  What  force  does  TTOTC  give  to 
/ATJ?  Root  from  which  co-rat  comes?  Full  form  (137, 
R.  1)  ?  Why  the  accent  of  CTTI  depressed  ?  Why  the 
article  with  dSeA<£o>  ?  Why  perispomenon  ?  What  is  the 
history  of  the  i  subscript  ?31  From  what  does  dXX'  come  ? 
In  its  origin  is  it  an  adjective  or  a  conjunction?  What 
does  the  mark  after  it  denote  ?  Peculiarity  in  its  accentu 
ation  here  ?  To  what  other  words  does  the  same  principle 
apply  (12,  3)  ?  If  it  followed  the  accentuation  of  oxy tones 
whose  ultimate  is  elided,  what  would  be  the  accentuation  of 
uXA'  here  ?  How  does  aXXa  the  conjunction  differ  from 
dXXa,  other  things  ?  Are  they  both  from  the  same  word  ? 
How  does  the  position  of  tlXXa  (but)  in  a  sentence  differ 
from  8e?  What  two  other  forms  equivalent  to  fy?  In 
what  part  of  their  clause  do  ecu/,  r/i/,  and  av  (if)  stand  ?  By 
what  mood  are  they  followed  ?  How  does  rjv  here  differ 
from  the  first  Pers.  Sing.  Indie.  Impf.  of  ct/xt  (137)  ? 
What  is  implied  by  fy  with  the  subjunctive  [185,  2  (3)]? 
How  differing  from  et  with  the  Indie,  or  Opt.  [185,  2  (1) 
and  (4)]  ?  What  is  the  rj  in  Sw^rat  (79,  R.)  ?  What  would 
be  the  corresponding  vowel  of  the  Indie.  ?  What  is  the 
syllable  -rat,  and  what  is  its  office  ?  In  what  part  of  the 
word,  then,  is  the  meaning  found  ?  Derivation  of  /3a<n- 
XeiVet?  The  penult  is  long,  why  not  circumflexed  ?  What 
one  condition  is  wanting  in  order  to  its  being  circumflexed? 
What  is  the  a-  before  ti?  Are  verbs  in  -eu'w  generally 
transitive  or  intransitive  ?  How  is  the  absence  of  the 
accent  on  avr  to  be  explained  (12,  3)  ?  This  is  like  what 


QUESTIONS   ON  THE  ANABASIS.  83 

pev  Srj   77  fjujrrjp   vTrfjpxe  TW  Kvpfa   (j>i\ovcra 
avrbv  pa\\ov  77  TOV  fiacriXevovra  ' 


other  word  above  ?  Peculiarity  in  the  declension 
(60)?  What  previous  word  has  the  same  peculiarity? 
With  what  Latin  pronoun  does  e/ceu/ou  correspond  ?  Stem 
of  Ilapvo-arts  ?  What  rejects  the  8  ?  What  is  the  final  o-  ? 
With  what  particle  does  /xeV  correspond?  Force  of  ST}? 
Would  evidently,  or  as  is  evident,  express  the  meaning? 
Composition  of  vTrrjpx*?  Why  the  final  vowel  of  the  prep 
osition  rejected  ?  How  does  the  a  of  apXo>  become  77  (8G)  ? 
Which  augment  is  rj  ?  Why  called  the  temporal  augment  ? 
Why  is  the  accent  on  the  penult  and  not  on  the  antepenult 
(84,  2)  ?  If  the  accent  is  on  the  penult,  and  the  penult  long 
and  the  ultimate  short,  what  must  the  accent  be  (10,  5,  b)  ? 
Why  VTT^PXC  in  the  Impf.  ?  Does  it  denote  a  single  effort 
in  his  behalf,  or  continued  efforts  ?  By  what  principle  is 
Kvp<3  in  the  Dat.  ?  From  what  noun  is  <f>i\ovo-a.  derived  ? 
How  is  the  syllable  ov  to  be  explained  ?  What  would  be 
Uhe  regular  form  previous  to  any  changes  ?  What  vowel 
is  dropped  ?  What  two  consonants  ?  Why  ?  '  What  change 
then  takes  place  in  the  o?  Why  (8,  8)  ?  What  would  be 
the  regular  form  of  the  comparative  instead  of  /xaXXov? 
By  what  principle  is  the  t  of  /xaXiov  changed  into  X? 
Does  not  the  second  X  of  aXXos  come  in  the  same  way  ? 
Does  assimilation  take  place  in  the  Latin  word  correspond 
ing  with  aXXos?  What  word  would  the  Latin  use  for  ^ 
after  /xSXXov  ?  How  does  oo-rts  differ  from  the  simple  os  ? 
Which  is  the  more  general  or  comprehensive  word  ?  What 
Latin  word  would  express  the  force  of  OOTIS  ?  How  many 


84  QUESTIONS   ON  THE  ANABASIS. 


Trapa      aa-iews  7rpo9  CLVTOV, 
ovra)  Smr^ei?  aTreTre/^Trero  a>cr^'  eavrq)  /zaXAoz/ 


different  declensions  in  o'cms  (  G2  )  ?  How  many  in  o?  alone  ? 
Does  OOTIS  denote  a  single  individual,  or  has  it  a  collective 
sense  ?  Composition  of  U^IKVOITO  ?  Why  is  TT  of  the  prep 
osition  changed  into  <l>  ?  Stem  of  the  simple  word  ?  How 
from  the  stem  IK  is  iKveo/xai  obtained  (120,  2)  ?  In  what 
tenses  is  the  syllable  vt  retained  ?  From  what  is  the  Fut. 
i£cfjMi  formed  ?  What  are  the  elements  in  the  i  in  the  Fut. 
(8,  7)?  Force  of  d?ro  in  afyiKvolro  ?  How  else  is  the 
same  relation  expressed  here  ?  What  does  the  Opt.  mode 
denote  ?  Some  texts  have  the  Impf.  Indie.,  —  what  would 
that  denote?  Where  the  introductory  clause,  with  the  Opt. 
mode,  denotes  indefinite  frequency  or  a  repeated  action  (as 
often  as,  whenever,  whoever  from  time  to  time),  what  is  the 
tense  of  the  verb  in  the  principal  clause  (182,  8,  c)  ?  Why 
is  this  so?32  What  verb  in  this  sentence  illustrates  that 
principle  ?  Construction  of  T&V  ?  How  would  TWV  Trapa. 

be  literally  translated?33  Primary  meaning  of* 
What  does  it  show  the  relation  between  ?  What  is 
the  double  relation  of  Trapa  /2ao-iAeW  here?34  Why  /3aa-t- 
AeW  without  the  article  ?  What  does  Trpos  show  the  rela 
tion  between  ?  To  what  does  TraVras  refer  ?  How  can  the 
plural  TTcxi/ras  refer  to  the  singular  OO-TIS?  By  what  two 
words  is  TrdVras  governed  ?  Derivation  of  ovrw  ?  When 
ovrw  and  when  oirrws  used  (7,  2)  ?  Composition  of  Sia- 
rt£a's?  Force  of  Sta?  What  is  the  syllable  n  (127,  2)  ? 
Why  is  it  not  £t  (8,  9)  ?  Stem  of  TI'%U  (128,  I.)  ?  Rule 
for  accent  of  StarJet's  (84,  3,  c)  ?  How  is  the  syllable  -«'s 


QUESTIONS   ON  THE  AXALASIS.  85 


€ivai  TJ  /3ao-i,\el.     Kal  rwv  wap*  eaurco  Se  /3ap{3dpwv 
O  &>?  7ro\ep,elv  re  i/cavol   elrjaav  KOI  evvoi/cw 


obtained  (131,  g,  and  8,  8)  ?  How  docs  the  Middle  a7re- 
Tre/xTrero  differ  from  the  Act.  ob-oW/xTm  above?  Which 
implies  the  idea  of  sending  away  without  any  reference 
to  the  person  from  whom  one  is  sent?  Can  our  lan^ 
guage  distinguish  between  these  two  voices  in  translat 
ing,  except  by  a  periphrasis?  How  is  the  form  oxr$'  to 
be  explained  ?  Composition  ?  Has  the  re  any  force  ? 
How  came  it  to  be  associated  with  ws?35  What  different 
modes  follow  oWe  (18G)  ?  Difference  between  it  when 
followed  by  the  Inf.,  Indie.,  and  Opt.  ?  Construction  of 
eauroj  ?  What  other  form  (57)?  Composition?  Con 
struction  of  t/uAous  ?  Is  it  the  subject  Ace.  of  cu/ai  or  the 
predicate  ?  What  is  the  subject  Ace.  ?  On  Avhat  does 
tlvai  depend  (186,  1,  a)  From  what  is  /3ao-iAet  contracted 
(41)  ?  Force  of  /cat  before  ran/?  Moreover,  in  addition  to 
what  ?  What  word  connects  this  sentence  with  the  pre 
ceding  ?  Why  does  the  article  TW  which  belongs  to  J3a.p- 
stand  before  Trap  eaurw?  This  position  makes  Trap 
u)  sustain  what  relation  to  ftappdpw  ?  Whom  did  the 
Greeks  call  barbarians  ?  How  can  the  TOJI/  Trap'  cavrw  (3ap- 
fidpw  be  translated  literally  into  English,  so  as  to  indicate 
the  attributive  or  adjective  force  of  Trap  eauTw?30  How  is 
the  absence  of  the  accent  of  Trap'  to  be  explained  ?  Govern 
ment  of  /?ap/3otpwv?  Rule  (158,  6,  I.  b)?  What  is  the 
double  relation  of  fiapfidpw  here  ?  Besides  its  connection 
with  eVe/xeXetro,  of  what  verb  is  it  the  subject?  Could  it 
have  been  omitted  entirely  as  a  Gen.,  and  have  been  only 
•  8 


86  QUESTIONS   ON  THE  ANABASIS. 

Tijv  Se  e 


in  the  Nom.  ;  i.  c.,  is  it  not  made  by  attraction  the  object 
of  the  verb  of  the  principal  clause,  instead  of  the  subject  of 
the  verb  of  the  subordinate  clause?  How  would  the  sen 
tence  be  then  translated  ?  Why  eTre/xeXetro  Impf.  ?  How 
is  the  circumflex  on  the  penult  to  be  explained?  What 
would  be  the  accent  before  contraction  ?  Are  all  contracted 
syllables  circumflexed  ?  What  does  o>s  connect  ?  Differ 
ence  between  o>s  with  and  without  the  accent?  From  what 
noun  does  7roAe/mi/  come  ?  On  what  depend  ?  Why  peris- 
pomenon  [11,  2,  (2),  (b),  (/3)]  ?  Force  of  re  after  it? 
With  what  particle  is  r€  correlative  ?  How  may  the  force 
of  re  .  .  .  .  KO.I  be  expressed  in  English  (178,  3)  ?  What 
would  be  lost  to  the  sentence  if  re  were  omitted  ?  On  what 
general  principle  is  cfyo-ai/  here  in  the  Opt.  (181,  2)  ? 
When  the  verb  of  the  principal  clause  is  a  historical  tense, 
what  is  generally  the  mode  of  the  verb  of  the  subordinate 
clause  ?  What  other  form  could  be  used  besides  efyo-av 
(137)?  Composition  of  ewoiVcuis?  "Exetv  with  an  adverb 
is  equivalent  to  what  other  verb  ?37  How  would  cfyoucfc 
exoiev  be  translated  literally  ?  Fut.  of  ^w?  Why  has  the 
e  an  aspirate  in  the  Fut.  and  not  in  the  Pres.  (8,  10)? 
Construction  of  aurw?  What  expression  does  it  limit  or 
restrict  ?  Why  does  the  article  fty  stand  with  'EXXrjvLKrjv 
and  not  with  SuVa/ziv?  Does  the  force  of  the  article  as 
here  placed  fall  on  'EAArpuoji/  or  8wa/xtv  (148,  0,  a)  ?  With 
what  does  its  present  position  contrast  'EAA^iKr/i/?  How 
is  the  Gen.  Sing,  of  Swa/uv  accented  ?  Principle  (46)  ? 
Why  ySfioitev  in  the  Impf.  ?  Does  the  writer  mean  to 


QUESTIONS    ON   THE   ANABASIS.  87 

eSuvaro  eTntcpvTTTOjjLevos,  OTTOJ?  ort  ajrapacrKev- 
orarov  \dfioi  ftaai\ea.     T/2Se  ovv  eVo^ro  TTV  av\\o- 


state  a  historical  fact,  or  the  course  of  procedure  from  day 
to  day?  If  merely  the  historical  fact  was  to  be  stated, 
what  tense  would  have  been  used  ?  Force  of  d>?  before 
paXicrra  ?  Upon  what  word  does  its  force  fall  P38  Is  some 
part  of  8vvafj.au  always  expressed,  as  here,  when  o>s  is  joined 
with  the  superlative?39  What  is  the  second  Pers.  Sing,  of 
eSiWo?  How  is  the  form  obtained?  What  letter  is 
syncopated,  and  what  contraction  takes  place  (comp.  «rrao-o 
and  IOTW,  133)?  Why  eVtKpvTrro/xci/o?  in  the  Mid.  voice? 
How  differing  from  the  Act.  ?  What  was  he  concealing  - 

O" 

himself,    his    own   measures,   or  those   of  others?     Pure 
characteristic  of  eVucpufrrw  ?      Impure   (104,   1)?      What 
does  OTTCOS  connect  ?     Why  is  it  here  followed  by  the  Opt,, 
but  above  by  the  Put.  Indie.?     Composition  of  on?     Its 
force  or  office  here  ?    How  can  clauses  like  this  be  analyzed 
to   show  in   what  way   on   has  a   strengthening   force?40 
Composition   of  airapaa-K^orarov  ?     Why  is   the  vowel   of 
the  antepenult  o,  and  not  <o?     When  is  o,  and  when  o>, 
used  in  the  comparative  and  superlative  (50,  I.  a)  ?     Why 
Xapoi  in  the  Opt.  (181,  2)  ?     Difference  between  &8e  and 
o^Ta)??      Which  refers    to  what   precedes,   and    which   to 
what  follows  ?     Why  ^otaro  in  the  Impf.  ?     Was  the  act 
described  done  at  once,  or  was  it  a  continuous  process  ? 
Could    the    writer,    however,    narratively    have    used    the 
Aor.  here   (152,  10)?     Why  the  verb  in  the  Mid.  voice? 
What  would  e'Wa  tnAAoyi^  mean  ?41     Composition  of  cnA- 
Why  the  article  with  it  ?     Why  two  X's  ?     Why 


88  QUESTIONS   ON  THE  ANABASIS. 

yrjv.    f  O-TTOcra?  el%e  (f>v\aKa<;  ev  rat?  TroXecrt,  7raptiiyyei\e 
rot?  (j)povpdp%oi,s  e/cacrrot?  \OfjfiaV€U>  av^pas  IIe\07rov- 


and  not  Trdcros?  What  is  the  appropriate  use  of 
each  (G3,  a)  ?  Peculiarity  of  et^c  in  its  augment?  How 
many  verbs  have  the  same  (87,  3)?  Does  <j>v\aKa<;  here 
come  from  faXaK-rj  or  <£uXa£  ?  How  determined  ?  Differ 
ence  between  <£uXa/<as  and  <f>v\ai<a<s  ?  Why  Iv  without  an 
accent?  Why  the  article  with  TrdXeo-i?  Are  cities  in 
general  referred  to,  or  such  as  were  under  his  control,  and 
hence  particular  ones?  What  has  become  of  the  stem 
vowel  i  of  TrdXco-t?  In  what  cases  only  is  it  retained? 
What  vowel  takes  its  place  in  the  other  cases  (46)  ?  Com 
position  of  TrapTTyyeiXe?  What  rejects  the  final  vowel  of 
the  preposition  ?  Whence  comes  the  rj  ?  What  is  the 
Fut,  of  dyyeXXw?  In  what  two  respects  does  it  differ 
from  the  Pres  ?  How  is  the  circumflex  of  the  ultimate  to 
be  explained  ?  Why  is  one  of  the  X's  dropped  in  the  Fut.  ? 
Why  does  not  this  verb  form  its  Fut.  in  <rw  ?  Why  is  a- 
rejected  in  liquid  verbs?  How  is  the  «  in  the  penult  of 
Trap^yaXe  to  be  explained  (111,  3)  ?  Composition  of  <£pov- 
papxois?  Why  Dat.  [161,  2,  a,  (e)]?  Would  the  clause 
&TOCTOS  "X€>  etc.,  or  iropijyyetAe,  etc.,  regularly  stand  first? 
Which  is  the  relative  clause,  and  which  the  antecedent? 
If  the  antecedent  clause  were  placed  first,  in  which  clause 
and  in  what  case  would  <£vXaKas  regularly  stand  ?  In  what 

other  way,  then,  could  the  sentence  oTroW <£poupapxoi? 

be  expressed  ?  ^  Upon  what  does  Xapfidveiv  depend  ?  What 
classes  of  verbs  take  an  Inf.  for  their  complement  or  object 
(171,  2)  ?  What  becomes  of  the  y  of  <m}p  in  all  cases 


QUESTIONS   ON   THE  ANABASIS.  89 

OTI,  TrXe/crroy?  KOI  /3eXT/o-Toi>9,  o>?  €7ri/3ov\ev- 
OZ/TO?   Ticra-afa'pvous  rat?  TroXecrt.       Kal  <yap  rjcrav  al 

except  the  Voc.  Sing.  (3G)  ?  Is  the  accentuation  of  the 
word  regular?  Origin  of  the  8  in  wSpas?  Is  it  usual  in 
Greek  for  more  than  two  consonants  to  come  together? 
Why  then  an  additional  consonant  inserted  here  ?  Between 
what  letters  may  a  medial  mute  be  inserted  to  soften  the 
pronunciation?43  Any  instance  of  a  letter  similarly  in 
serted  in  Latin?44  Any  in  English?45  Composition  of 
HeXoTroi/njo-iovs  ?  What,  then,  is  the  meaning  of  the  word? 
Why  was  the  order  given  to  take  Peloponnesians  ?  Was  it 
merely  because  they  were  distinguished  for  their  bravery  ? 
Had  Cyrus  favored  the  Peloponnesians  or  the  Athenians 
during  the  Peloponnesian  war  ?  From  what  party,  there 
fore,  would  he  be  most  likely  to  obtain  forces  ?  Force  of 
cm  before  TrXeio-rous  ?  Office  of  ws  with  e7ri/3ouAevWos,  — 
does  it  imply  that  the  action  denoted  by  the  participle  was 
actually  taking  place,  or  that  Cyrus  merely  pretended  that 
it  was  taking  place?  Does  d>s  indicate,  then,  that  the 
participle  expresses  Cyrus's  view,  or  that  of  the  historian  ? 
How  may  <k  be  rendered  in  such  cases?46  What  would 
«ri/fouXevWos  without  w?  mean  here  ?47  Dec.  of  Toro-a- 
fapvovs?  Construction?  What  is  meant  by  the  term 
absolute,  when  a  word  is  said  to  be  in  the  Gen.  absolute  ? 
Why  v  appended  to  TTO'WI  (7,  1,  a)  ?  Force  of  KO.L  before 
yap?  Does  it  connect  what  immediately  precedes  with 
what  follows,  or  something  understood  with  what  follows  ? 
Would  the  English  generally  translate  it  in  such  cases?48 
"What  is  the  purport  of  the  clause  to  be  supplied  ?  Com- 
8* 


90  QUESTIONS   OX  THE  ANABASIS. 

l  TroXa?  Ticraafyepvovs  rb  ap%cuQV  etc 

Tore  8'  a^ecrr/J/cecraz'  Trpo?  Kvpov  vracrat  TT\I)V 

position  of  yap  ?     Peculiarity  in  the  inflection  of  the  second 
Pers.  Sing,  of  rycrai/  (137)  ?     What  other  words  retain  a 
similar  feature  of  the   Epic  dialect  (comp.  </»j/xt,  oTSa,  135 
and  143)  ?     Why  ^crou/  in  the  Impf.  here  ?     Any  difference 
between   at  'IwnKcu  Tro'Aas  and  'luwucal  at   TrdAas?     AMiat 
(148,  9,  a  and  b)  ?      As  it  stands  in  the  text,  does  the 
article  give  emphasis  to  the  'Iwi/tKat  or  TroAets  ?     Construc 
tion  of  Ti<r<ra<£e'pvov$  (158,  2)  ?     Is  the  article  often  joined 
with  a  neuter  adjective,  as  TO  with  apxaiov  here,  where  an 
adverbial   relation  is   expressed?      Is   CK  the   preposition 
commonly   used  with  Pass,  verbs  to   denote  the   agent? 
What  one  is  generally  used  ?     But  does  e*  express  a  differ 
ent  relation  from  what  VTTO  would  here  ?     Which  denotes 
the  more  intimate  connection  of  the  agent  with  the  act  of 
giving  ?    Can  the  English,  however,  express  the  distinction  ? 
In  SeSo/xeVat,  what  is  the  simple  stem  ?    What  is  the  first  8? 
The  c  after  it  ?    What  is  -/xeVat  ?    Rule  for  the  accentuation 
of  the  participle  (84,  4,  c)   ?  Is  the  stem  vowel  of  the  Perf. 
Act.  and  Pass,  of  Si'Soyu  the  same  ?     What  is  that  of  each  ? 
Is  Tore  a  demonstrative  or  relative  adverb  ?     What  is  the 
corresponding  relative  adverb   (63,  b)  ?      How  does  TOT* 
differ  from  rore?     What  time  is  here  referred  to  by  rore? 
Is    Se    continuative   or   adversative?      How   determined? 
Composition  of  afao-TrjKea-av  ?     Why  the  TT  changed  into  <£  ? 
Force  of  d™  ?     What  is  the  simple  word  from  which  the 
verb  is  formed?     Stem  of  UTT^/U  (128,  I,  a)  ?     Whence 
comes  the  aspirated  t  before  <r?     By  what  principle  is  the  c 


QUESTIONS   ON   THE  ANABASIS.  91 


Mi\r)TOV.     'Ev  MikrjTW  Be 

ra  avra  Tavra  fiovXevoftevovs,  ajroair^von  77^09 


of  the  Perf.  (eo-r^/ca)  aspirated  ?  49  Tense  of  d 
But  is  the  Plupf.  relation  the  prominent  one  ?  Does  the 
writer  wish  to  fix  attention  upon  the  fact  that  they  had 
revolted,  or  that  they  are  now  in  a  state  of  revolt  ?  How 
can  the  Plupf.  do  this  P50  What  other  ending  of  the  third 
Pers.  PI.  Plupf.  besides  -ecrav  (82,  1)  ?  Why  is  Traom 
placed  the  last  in  its  clause  ?  Is  it  desirable  that  it  should 
stand  as  near  as  possible  to  the  word  which  corrects  or 
restricts  it?  What  is  that  corrective  word?  How  can  the 
sentence  be  translated  so  as  to  preserve  the  position  of  Traom? 
Is  irXriv  strictly  a  preposition  ?  Government  of  MtX^rou 
(157)?  Where  was  Miletus?  Tense  of  7rpoaicr.9ojuevos  ? 
From  what  Pres.  ?  What  has  become  of  the  syllable  av 
in  Trpoato-^avo/xat  ?  Stem  of  the  verb  ?  How  is  the  Fut. 
formed  (121,  a)?  Force  of  the  preposition  ?rpo?  Fore 
seeing,  —  seeing  before  what  ?  Is  the  final  vowel  retained 
by  rule  or  exception  ?  What  is  the  rule  and  what  the 
exception  (90,  1  )  ?  Meaning  of  avra  preceded  by  the 
article  (60,  R.)  ?  Ta  avra  raCra,  these  same  things,  —  the 
same  as  what?  Composition  of  Tavra?  When  has  ovros 
in  its  different  cases  ov  in  the  penult,  and  when  av?51  If 
the  article  ra.  were  omitted  before  avrd  here,  what  would 
avra  raura  mean  ?  What  Latin  pronoun  corresponds  with 
avrd  ?  What  with  Tavra  ?  Why  ySovXevoyaevovs  in  the  Mid. 
voice  ?  With  what  agreeing  ?  Is  it  necessary  to  supply  a 
word,  as  Tu/as,  or  may  the  participle  be  said  to  contain  an 
indefinite  pronoun  in  itself?  Would  it  be  according  to  the 


02  QUESTIONS    ON  THE   ANABASIS. 


U?  fjiev  CLVTWV  dTreKTeive,  TOI>?  8'  e£e/3a\.ev.    rO  Se  Kvpos 
V7ro\a/3a)v  TOVS  favyovras,  cnAXefa?  arTpdrev/Jia  e 


usage  of  the  language  to  substitute  an  Inf.  for  the  Part. 
/SovAevo/xcVov?  ?  Why  not  ?  Why  is  a  Part,  required 
here  (175,  1,  a)  ?  What  relation  does  /?oiAevo/xeVous  sus 
tain  to  TT/ooaicr^o/Aei/os?52  Of  what  are  the  words  aTroo-n^at 
Trpos  Ki)/3<H>  expletive?  What  particle  does  the  English 
use  in  translating  them,  which  neither  the  Greek  nor  Latin 
employs?53  What  is  the  syllable  -i/at  in  aTroa-rrjvai  ?  In 
forming  the  Pres.  Inf.  Act.  of  verbs  in  />u,  is  rat  appended 
to  the  short  or  long  characteristic  vowel?  To  which  in 
the  second  Aor.  (130,  f)  ?  Office  of  /xeV  after  TOV'S?  Has 
the  English  an  equivalent  particle  ?  How  can  its  force 
be  indicated  in  English  ?  Where  is  the  correlative  of 
/*«'?  Is  TOVS  here  merely  an  article,  or  has  it  its  origi 
nal  pronominal  force?51  Construction  of  coVwv?  In  the 
oblique  cases,  when  core's  stands  alone,  not  agreeing  with 
any  word,  is  it  emphatic,  or  has  it  merely  the  force  of  a 
personal  pronoun  (169,7)?  Tense  of  core/cretin,  —  Aor. 
or  Impf.  ?  How  determined  ?  Is  the  form  of  both  in 
all  respects  the  same,  and  the  accent  the  same?  From 
the  nature  of  the  case,  what  tense  would  it  seem  to  be  ? 
Compared  with  e^e/JoXei/,  what  additional  means  is  there 
for  the  decision  ?  Is  the  regular  Perf.  Act.  of  this  word 
used  by  Attic  writers?  Why  not  (111,5)?  What  form 
is  used?  Composition  of  e^y&xAev  ?  Why  e£,  and  not 
eVc?  Origin  of  the  second  X  in  the  Pres.  (Ill,  2)  ?  Pecu 
liarity  in  Perf.  Act.  (117,  2)?  Why  the  article  with 
(148,  C)  ?  Two  forms  of  the  Fut.  of  <£€vy<o?  Is 


QUESTIONS   ON    THE   ANABASIS,  93 

6pK£i  Mi\7jrov  Kal  Kara  ryrjv  Kal  Kara  ^aXarrav,  teal 
ejreiparo  Kardyeiv  rov$  CKTreTncoKoras.  Kal  avrrj  av 

its  Perf.  Act.  the  regular  Perf.  (11G,  3)  ?  Composition  of 
<™AAe£a?  ?  The  first  A,  how  explained  (8,  4)  ?  "What 
becomes  of  that  X  in  the  Indie.  Aor.  ?  The  elements  in 
the  £  ?  Perf.  Act.  of  Aeyw  in  its  signification  here  ?  In 
the  sense  of  to  say  (88,  4,  and  R.  2)  ?  What  relation  of 
time  do  v7roAa/3coi/  and  on;AAe'£as  sustain  to  eTroAiop/cei?  Can 
they  be  rendered  by  finite  verbs  into  English  ?  By  what 
tense  then  ?  Why  are  not  finite  verbs  used  instead  of  these 
participles  (176,  R.  1)?  Do  the  participles  express  the 
principal  action  or  the  accompanying  circumstances  here  ? 
What  word  expresses  the  principal  action?  From  what 
verb  does  ar/oarev/xa  come  ?  Why  without  the  article  ? 
Stem  ?  On  what  principle  is  final  r  rejected  (32,  2)  ? 
Composition  of  eVoAiopKet  ?  Why  Impf.  ?  Force  of  /cat' 
before  the  first  Kara  (178,  3,  b)  ?  Is  it  necessary  to  the 
general  sense  ?  What  would  be  lost  by  the  omission  ? 
How  would  the  clause  be  translated  without  it,  and  how 
with  it  ?  Does  Kara  govern  any  other  case  than  the  Ace.  ? 
How  does  the  Ace.  after  Kara  here  differ  from  the  same 
words  in  the  Gen.  ?  Which  case  expresses  the  idea  of 
extension  over,  throughout,  and  of  course  the  stronger  idea  ? 
Does  the  English  say  by  land  and  sea  as  the  Greek,  or  the 
reverse  ?  The  corresponding  Latin  for  Kara  yfjv  Kal  Kara 
•SaAarrav  ?  Does  the  arrangement  of  the  Latin  words  cor 
respond  with  the  Greek  or  English  ?  Derivation  of  $aAcur- 
rav  ?  Origin  of  the  $  ?  Why  eTretparo  in  the  Impf.  ?  Is 
the  reason  the  same  as  for  e7roAio'/3Kei  ?  Is  not,  likewise,  the 


94  QUESTIONS   ON   THE  ANABASIS. 

a\\7)    7r/3o0acrt5    rjv    avraj   rov    cfcpoi&iv    crrpdrev^a. 
Ilpbs   £e  fiacn\ea  irk^wv  7?f/ov,   aSe 


. 

idea  of  endeavoring  strengthened  by  the  Impf.,  since  what 
one  is  engaged  upon  is  not  accomplished,  but  he  is  en 
deavoring  to  do  or  accomplish  (152,  R.  4,  d)  ?  Is  not  the 
same  strengthening  force  of  the  Impf.  seen  in  the  Impf.  of 
//.eVw,  soleo,  etc.  ?  Stem  of  eKTreTrrw/coVa?  (123)?  What  is 
the  syllable  TU  of  the  Pres.  ?  In  the  Pres.  what  becomes 
of  e  of  the  stem  ?  What  rejects  it  ?  When  does  it  reap 
pear  ?  Is  the  w  of  the  Perf.  regular  ?  Force  of  the  Perf. 
Part,  here?  Does  it  denote  a  past  action,  or  a  present 
state  or  result  (152,  R.  2)  ?  To  what  does  avrrj  refer? 
If  to  the  preceding  statements,  why  is  it  not  in  the  neuter 
gender  according  to  the  rule?  But  to  what  word  is  its 
gender  conformed  (147,  R.  1)  ?  What  is  such  a  conform 
ing  of  the  gender  to  that  of  the  noun  called?55  If  the 
word  with  which  avrrj  agrees  were  omitted,  what  then  would 
be  its  gender  ?  Would  that  be  according  to  the  general 
rule?  Is  the  position  of  avrr]  between  /cat  and  av  emphatic 
or  unemphatic?56  Origin  of  the  second  A  in  a\\rj?  Does 
the  same  assimilation  occur  in  the  corresponding  Latin 
word  ?  Peculiarity  in  the  inflection  of  aAAo?  (GO)  ?  Com 
position  of  7jyK>(/>ao-i9  ?  Construction  of  auru>  (161,  2,  a)? 
To  what  docs  the  article  rov  belong  (173,  1)?  The  Inf. 
a3po%€iv  by  the  article  TOV  becoming  a  noun,  is  governed 
by  what  word  ?  Does  it  at  the  same  time  retain  its  proper- 
tits  as  a  verb  (173,  1)  ?  What  property  of  the  verb  does 
it  have  here  ?  Derivation  of  rj^ov  ?  Uncontracted  form  ? 
Meaning  here  ?  Force  of  Impf.  ?  What  is  its  grammatical 


QUESTIONS   OX  THE  ANABASIS.  95 

ol  Tavra?  ra?  TroXet?  ^aXXov  rj  Tia-o-a^pvriv 
avrcov  •  fcal  7}  fMJTTjp  avv&Trparrev  avru>  ravra  • 
ware   /3aa-i\ev$  TT}?   fjiev  Trpbs    eavrbv   eTTijBovXSp;    OVK 


object?  Construction  of  dSe/X^os?  Standing  without  the 
article,  does  it  mean  a  brother  of  his  (indefinite)  or  his 
brother  (definite)  ?  With  the  article  what  would  it  mean  ?> 
What  relation  is  expressed  by  the  Part.  on>,  —  time,  cause, 
conditionally,  or  what  (176,  1)  ?  Of  what  does  it  express 
the  cause  or  reason  ?  What  part  of  SoSrjvat.  is  .stem 
(128,  c)  ?  What  is  £  (79,  1)  ?  What  is  the  remainder  ? 
Upon  what  does  So^rai  depend?  Rule  for  accentuation 
(84,  4,  a)  ?  What  cities  are  meant  by  ravras  Tro'Aet?  ?  Con 
struction  of  Tro'Aeis  (172)  ?  How  is  the  second  X  in  //.aXXov 
to  be  explained  ?  Does  it  originate  like  the  second  X  in 
oXXos  ?  What  would  be  the  form  before  assimilation  ?  On 
what  does  apxtw  depend  ?  Government  of  O.VTWV  (158, 
7,  a)  ?  Root  of  o-weVparrej/  ?  How  from  the  root  Trpay 
is  the  Pres.  Trparrco  formed  ?  Whence  comes  the  second  r 
(100,  l,a)?  The  first?  What  influence  has  the  second 
r  upon  the  y  of  the  root?57  Force  of  CTVV  in  crweTrparrcv  ? 
What  is  the  form  of  the  Pres.  ?  Why  is  the  v  of  the  prep 
osition  p,  there  (8,  G)?  What  is  the  final  v?  Why  is  it 
used  here  (7,  1)  ?  Why  the  verb  in  the  Impf.  ?  How  is 
o-weVparrei/  aura)  ravra  literally  translated  ?  To  what  does 
ravra.  refer  ?  Why  neuter  gender  ?  Why  is  oWe  here 
followed  by  the  Indie.,  and  not  by  the  Inf.  ?  Is  the  con 
sequence  represented  as  something  actual,  a  fact,,  or  as 
something  supposed  or  possible  (18G,  1,  a)?  Why  does 
the  article  7775  stand  before  ?rpos  eavrw,  and  not  with  its 


96  QUESTIONS   ON  THE  ANABASIS. 


,    Ticraafyepvei  6"e  evo^i^e  iroKefJiovvra    avrbv 
a/j,<j)l  TO,    o-TpaTev/juara   Sanravav    ware   ovSev 


What  relation  does  this  position  of  the  article 
make  ?rpog  tavrov  sustain  to  eTrt/SovA.?}?  (1  -48,  8,  last  part)  ? 
How  can  the  whole  be  translated  so  as  to  show  this  rela 
tion?53  If,  instead  of  the  present  position,  it  were  written 
Tijs  e7ri/3oiA?7s  rijs  Trpos  ccwroi/,  would  the  meaning  be  the 
same  or  different  (148,  R.  8)  ?  Government  of  eTn/JovA?}? 
(158,  5,  b)  ?  Does  cuo-^avo/xai  usually  govern  the  Ace. 
of  the  thing  ?  Does  the  Gen.  lin(3ov\TJ<s  express  the  same 
that  the  Ace.  would  ?  Does  the  Gen.  mean  that  he  did 
not  perceive  the  plot  as  a  whole,  or  that  he  did  not  perceive 
anything  of  it, — had  no  intimations  of  it  ?  Which  would  the 
Ace.  express  ?  Why  ria-36.vf.ro  in  the  Impf.  ?  Is  the  nega 
tion  expressed  more  forcibly  by  the  Aor.  or  the  Impf.? 
Does  the  Impf.  state  simply  the  historic  fact  that  he  did 
not  perceive  the  plot,  or,  stronger  than  that,  that  there  was 
no  time  when  he  perceived  it,  —  the  Impf.  denoting  the  con 
tinuance  of  the  time  ?  By  what  is  Tio-o-cu^epvet  governed  ? 
Rule  (161,  2,  a,  y)  ?  Derivation  of  ei/o/u£e?  Of  vo/>tos? 
From  what  part  of  ve/xw  ?  Why  ci/o'/u^e  Impf.  ?  Is  it  a 
mute  or  a  liquid  verb  ?  Is  its  characteristic  pure  or  im 
pure  (104,  3)  ?  With  what  does  TroAe/x-owra  agree  ?  Why 
properispornenon  ?  Derivation  ?  What  relation  does  it 
express,  that  of  manner,  means,  or  cause  (176,  1)  ?  What 
part  of  speech,  which  the  Greek  has  not,  would  the  Latin 
u?e  instead  of  it?59  On  what  does  Saaravav  depend?  Its 
subject?  Construction  of  ovSeV  (159,  7,  and  R)  ?  Com 
position  ?  Is  it  according  to  rule  or  exception  that  the  8 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  ANABASIS.  97 

avrwv  TrdXepovvTW  KOI  jap  6  Kvpos  aTreTrefiTre  rov$ 
Sacrpovs    fiao-i,\ei    ere    T&V   irokewv   &v   6 
ervj-^avev    e^wv.     "A\\o  Se 


before  the  aspirate  iv  is  not  changed  into  £?     Is  the  ex 
planation  of  the  Impf.  r^ero  the  same  as  that  of  yo-SdvcTo 
above  ?     Fut.  of  fa^*™  ?     How  is  the  e  before  the  a-  to  be 
explained?     Construction  of  avrw?     Is  it  the   Gen.  ab 
solute  or  the  causal  Gen.  depending  on  -fo^cro  (158,  6,  I)  ? 
What  case  does  jJx&ro  more  commonly  take?     Would  a 
subordinate  clause  introduced  by  on  be  equivalent  to  avrw 
TToAe/xowrcoi/  ?    Force  of  /cat  before  yap  ?    Does  the  English 
ordinarily  translate  it  in  such  cases  ?     Does  the  use  of  it  in 
Greek,  however,  make  the  connection  between  the  sen 
tences  more  or  less   close   than  in   the  English?      Why 
a7T€7re/x7r€  active  ?     Why  Impf.  ?     Does  it  denote  what  was 
done  once,  or  what  was  regularly  done,  from  time  to  time  ? 
Meaning  of  ytyvo/xeVovs  here?     What  is  the  syllable  yt? 
What  vowel  of  the  root  does  that  syllable  reject?     Deriva 
tion  of  &xoy*ov's  ?    What  does  oc  show  the  relation  between  ? 
Why  the  article  with  TTO'ACWI/  ?     What  expression  makes  it 
definite?      What  'peculiarity  in  the  accent?     How  to  be 
explained   (46)?     By  what  principle  is  &v  in  the   Gen? 
Is  it  proper  to  give  a  rule  for  its  government  as  a  Gen.  ? 
In   what   case  would  it   regularly   have   been    (182,   6)? 
Such  attractions  occur  generally  only  with  verbs  governing 
what  case  ?<*>     Stem  of  irvyxav^     How  from  that  stem  is 
the  Pres.  ™yxcwo  formed  ?     What  relation  does  ZXcov  sus 
tain  to  crvyxavev  (175,  3)  ? 

By  what  principle  is  a£rw  in  the  Dat.  ?     Is  it  the  Dat. 
9 


98  QUESTIONS   ON   THE  ANABASIS. 

ro)  (Tvve\eyero  ev  Xeppovrjo-y  rf)  KaravriTrepas  ^Afi 

$e    TOV    TpOTTOV.        K\eap%O<$    AaK6&ai<fJLGVLOS    (fr 

9  r}V  •  TOUTO)  crvyyevojAevos  o  Kvpos  rjydo^r)  re  avTo 


of  the  agent  (was  collected  ty  him),  or  the  limiting  Dat. 
(was  collected  for  him)  ?  Only  what  parts  of  the  verb 
generally  take  the  Dat.  of  the  agent  ?61  Composition  of 
Xep/Wijcrov  ?  How  else  is  the  word  written?62  Literal 
meaning  ?  With  what  English  word  does  it  nearly  cor 
respond  in  meaning  ?  What  Chersonese  is  meant  ?  What 
determines  that?  Where  was  it?  When  the  people  of 
Athens  spoke  of  it,  did  they  connect  any  epithet  with  it,  or 
define  it  at  all,  or  simply  speak  of  the  Chersonese  ?  How, 
then,  would  it  be  known  what  one  was  meant  ?  Why  the 
article  rrj  after  XcppovTJo-w  ?  It  shows  that  KaravrtTrepas 
'AySu'Sov  sustains  what  relation  to  Xcpponjo-w  ?  How  else 
could  rfj  ____  'A/?v8ou  be  placed  to  have  the  same  force  as 
at  present?63  Construction  of  'AfivSov  (158,  R.  1,  d)  ? 
Where  was  Abydus  ?  Was  it  on  the  Asiatic  or  European 
side  of  the  Hellespont  ?  Force  of  8e  in  rovSc  (  64,  3)  ? 
Derivation  of  rpoTrov?  From  what  part  of  that  verb? 
Construction  ?  Is  it  governed  by  anything  ?  Is  it  a  kind 
of  adverbial  expression  ?  How  does  it  differ  from  rpoirov  ? 
Who  was  Clearchus  ?  What  was  his  history  up  to  this 
time  ?  Derivation  of  <£vyas  ?  Stem  ?  Why  does  not  the 
8  appear  in  the  Norn  ?  Declension  ?  What  kind  of  a 
passive  is  fjyda-Sr)  (118,  R.  ;  144,  b,  and  R)  ?  The  pas 
sive,  then,  has  the  force  of  what  voice  ?  Does  the  Aor. 
of  this  word  denote  merely  a  past  act  (he  esteemed  him),  or 
the  coming  into  a  state  or  condition  (he  came  to  esteem 


QUESTIONS    ON   THE   ANABASIS.  99 

KOL  &L$a)(7iv  aura)  pvptovs  Sapei/covs.     'O  Se  Xa/3a>z/  TO 
(Trpdrevfjia   crweke^ev  CLTTO   TOVTCOV    rwv  Xp?]- 

Kdl     €7TO\efJL€C     €K    XeppOvtf&OV     6p{jLO)/JL€VO<>      TOt? 

TO??    vjrep  eE\\7J(T7rov70V  ol/covaij   real  ax 


him)  ?  (Compare  e/3a<riXeucra,  not  I  was  a  Ling,  but  / 
came  to  be  a  king.)  Force  of  re  before  avrov  ?  What  is 
its  correlative  ?  Could  re  be  omitted  ?  Would  anything  be 
lost  by  the  omission  ?  What  kind  of  a  Pres.  is  Si'Suxrii/  ? 
What  is  the  advantage  of  a  present  over  a  past  tense  here  ? 
Different  accentuation  of  /xvptot?  Which  accent  makes  it 
mean  a  definite  number  (ten  thousand),  and  which  an  in 
definite  ?  Is  this  distinction  always  observed,  however  ? 
Derivation  of  Sapei/cou's?  How  much  was  a  Daric?  Any 
peculiarity  in  the  use  of  6  here  ?  Any  other  instances  of 
a  similar  usage  in  this  chapter?  Rule  for  the  accent  of 
Aa/3<m>  (84,  3,  a)  ?  What  relation  of  time  does  it  sustain 
to  cTui/eXe^ey  ?  Why  the  article  with  xpvorcov  ?  Derivation 
of  xpypv-Tuv  ?  From  what  part  of  that  verb  ?  From  what 
person  of  that  tense?  Why  e7roAe/m  Impf.  ?  How  does 
e'/c  Xeppovr'jo-ov  differ  from  cbro  Xeppovrjo-ov  ?  Which  would 
necessarily  imply  that  the  person  spoken  of  was  in  the 
place,  and  which  might  only  imply  that  he  was  on  the  bor 
ders  ?  Why  op/xoj/jtei/o?  in  the  Mid.  voice  ?  Difference 
between  it  and  active  ?  Is  the  Act.,  however,  often  used 
intransitively  ?  Force  of  the  present  Part.  ?  Does  the 
Pres.  or  Past  Part,  denote  the  repetition  of  the  act?  Con 
struction  of  ®pa&  (161,  2,  a,  y)  ?  Why  the  article  repeated 
after  it  ?  What  relation  does  it  make  v-rrtp  'EXA.?jo-7rovrov  sus- 


100  QUESTIONS   ON  THE  ANABASIS. 


wore  teal  yjpr)pcuTa  crvve/3d\\ovTO  avru> 

T7)V    TOoffiv    T&V    (TTpaTlWTWV   dl   '  E\\r}CT'JrOVTiaKai 

etcovo-ai.     Tovro  S'  av  ovro)  rpe^o^evov   €\dv- 


tain  to  ®pa£i?  How  else  could  wcp  .  .  .  OIKOWTI  be  placed 
to  have  the  same  force?63  Composition  of  'EXXryo-Trovrov  ? 
Why  so  called  ?  Is  oucoixrt  a  verb  or  a  participle  ?  Is 
there  any  difference  in  form  or  accent?  How  determined, 
then?  Tense  of  ox^cAei  ?  How  determined  whether  it  is 
Pres.  or  Impf.  ?  Are  the  form  and  accent  the  same  in  both 
tenses?  Which  is  alike,  and  which  different?  What  is 
the  difference?  What  case  do  verbs  of  the  signification 
of  w<£e\ei  govern  in  Latin  (159,  3)  ?  Why  the  article  with 
"EXXrjvas  ?  Does  it  make  the  word  denote  some  particular 
Greeks,  or  Greeks  in  general?.  Force  of  KCU  after  oxrre? 
Influence  of  <rw  in  o~uvefid\\ovTo?  Why  Impf.?  How 
much  of  the  word  exhibits  the  active  form  ?  What  is  -TO  ? 
Why  the  Mid.  voice?  Whose  money  do  they  bring  to 
gether  or  contribute  ?  Construction  of  avru)  ?  What  does 
efc  show  the  relation  between  ?  What  relation  does  cis  rrjv 
Tpo<j>r)v  sustain  to  a£r<3?  Which  is  the  general,  and  which 
the  specific  expression  ?  How  can  the  sentence  be  trans 
lated  to  denote  these  relations  respectively  ?64  Derivation 
of  rpo<t>r}v?  From  what  part  of  the  verb  ?  Declension  of 
arpartwrwv?  On  what  principle  perispomenon  (26,  4,  y)  ? 
Accent  of  Norn.  Sing.  ?  Voc.  Sing.  ?  Why  not  the  Voc. 
like  the  Norn.  ?  How  is  the  syllable  ov  in  CKOVO-CU  to  be 
explained  ?  What  two  letters  are  dropped  ?  Why  (8,  8)  ? 
On  what  principle  does  o  become  ov  after  these  letters  are 
dropped?  Why  are  Tro'Xets  CKOWTOI  placed  at  the  end  of 


QUESTIONS   ON  THE  ANABASIS'. 


avT<p  TO  crrpdrevfjia.    '  ApicrTWiros  Be  6 

uroS,  teal  Trietypevos  VTTO  ra>v  OLK.OC 
ep%6Tai,  irpos  TQV  Kvpov  /ecu  alrel  avrbv 
f  ei/ov?  fcai  rpi&v  fjLrjvwv  ^LO^HOV^  co?  ovrco 


the  sentence  ?  Is  o-rparev/x,a  for  the  same  reason  placed  at 
the  end  of  the  next  sentence  ?  How  is  the  participle  con 
nected  with  XavSdvu  to  be  translated,  as  a  participle  or 
verb  ?  How  is  XavSdvu  to  be  translated,  as  a  verb  or 
adverb  (175,  3)?  Fut.  of  rpe^oj?  On  what  principle 
is  T  changed  into  £  in  the  Fut.  (8,  10)  ?  Stem  of  c\dv 
Savcv?  How  from  the  stem  Aa$  is  the  Pres.  \av9dv<a 
formed  (121,  b)  ?  Who  was  Aristippus  ?  Where  was 
Thessaly,  to  which  he  belonged  ?  Construction  of  £eVos  ? 
Is  it  the  predicate  Nom.  after  w»>  or  cTvyxav€l/  ?  What 
relation  does  wi/  sustain  to  trvavev  ?  Is  VTTO  the  usual 


preposition  with  a  passive  verb  to  denote  the  voluntary 
agent  ?  What  Latin  preposition  would  be  here  used, 
instead  of  VTTO  ?  Why  is  not  OLKOL  properispomenon  ? 
What  two  methods  of  explaining  this?65  How  does  OLKOL 
differ  in  meaning  from  OLKOL  ?  Case  of  OLKOL  ?  Composition 
of  avrto-rao-twrcui/  ?  Why  perispomenon  ?  Fut.  of  l/r^rai 
for  Attic  Greek  (126,  2)?  From  what  stem  is  the  Perf. 
formed  ?  What  peculiarity  has  the  Perf.  (89)  ?  Verbs 
of  asking,  as  aim,  govern  two  accusatives,  —  what  are  they 
here?  Is  £eVovs  governed  by  ei?  or  caret?66  Why  ft^vtav 
accented  on  the  ultimate  (33,  III,  b)  ?  Why  circumflexed? 
Construction  of  fMLo-$6v?  Whose  view  is  indicated  by  ws 
with  the  participle,  —  that  of  the  writer  or  Aristippus 
9* 


$  !.-•• 

102  QUESTIONS   ON  THE  ANABASIS. 


av  rwv  avTio-racriwToov.      (O   Se  Kvpos 
avTw  els  rerpaKicrxiXiovs  KOI  ef  fjirjvwv 
KCLI  Setrat   O-UTOU   /M;    irpoa^sev    K.ara\v<7ai  irpos 


(176,  R.  2)?     How  may  the  force  of  u>s  be  expressed?46 
How  much   of  what  precedes   does  OVTOO  embrace,  or  to 
what  does  it  refer?      What  part  of  a  proposition  is  con 
tained  in  it  (185,  R.  4)  ?      How  can  it  be  expressed  as 
part  of  a  proposition?67      What  part  of  a  proposition  is 
Trepiyei/o/Aevog  av  ?      What   effect  has  av  on  the  participle 
here?68      When  may  oV  stand  with  the  participle  (153, 
2,  d)  ?      How   could    OUTW    Trcptyevo/xcvos    ov  be   expressed 
in  the    form   of  a  regular   protasis  and   apodosis  ?      By 
what   principle  is   drncrTacricoTcoi'  in  the   Gen.  (158,  7,  a)  ? 
AtSoxnv,  being  a  transitive  verb,  requires  its  direct  object  in 
the  Ace.,  —  what  is  that  Ace.  here  ?     Is  it  rcrpofcurxtXcbvs  ? 
But  is  not  this  governed  by  eis  ?     What  then  is  the  gram 
matical  object  of  SiSwow?     What  does  *cai  before  e£  con 
nect?     Has  Semxt  here  its  primary  or  secondary  meaning? 
What  is  its  meaning  here  ?     Is  it  a  contract  verb  in  all  its 
parts?     In   what   only    (97,    1)?     Construction   of  atrot 
(158,  5,  a)  ?     Why  ^  here  and  not  ov  ?     General  differ 
ence  between  these  words   (177,  3,  4,  and  5)  ?     Which  is 
joined  almost  always  with  the  Inf.?      With  what  Latin 
words  do  irpoa-Scv  ....  irpiv  correspond  ?     Meaning  of  Kara- 
Xvvai?     How   much   is  simple   stem?     What   is   the  cr  ? 
From  the  circumflex  on  the  penult  what  is  to  be  inferred 
in  regard  to  the  quantity  of  the  ultimate,  so  far  as  relates 
to  accent?     On  what  kind  of  a  syllable  only  can  the  cir 
cumflex  stand?      Can  an  acute  accent  stand  either  on  a 


QUESTIONS   OK  THE  ANABASIS.  103 


Trplv  av  avro)  avjjL/3ov\ev(ri]Tai.  Ovrco 
Se  av  TO  ev  Serrdkia  e\dv^avev  avrco  rpe^o^evov  arpd- 
T€v/jba.  npo^evov  Be  TOV  BOLMTIOV,  t;evov  oma  avrq), 
exeXevcre  \afiovTa  avbpas  ort 


long  or  a  short  syllable  ?  From  the  acute  on  the  penult 
of  dvTto-Tao-tcora?,  what  may  be  inferred  in  regard  to  the 
quantity  of  the  ultimate  ?  If  it  were  not  so,  and  the  accent 
were  on  the  penult,  what  would  the  accent  be  ?  Is  -as  in 
the  ending  of  nouns  of  the  third  Dec.  long  or  short  (3 1)  ? 
Why  (TVfjL^ovXcva-rjTaL  in  the  Mid.  voice?  "What  relation 
of  time  does  it  express  (152,  R.  3)  ?  What  relation  of 
future  time,  —  simple  Fut.  or  Fut.  Perf.  ?  What  is  im 
plied  by  a  Fut.  Perf.  ?  A  Fut.  Perf.  being  really  a  future 
Past,  which  is  a  contradiction,  can  there  be  absolutely  a 
Fut.  Perf.  ?  How  is  the  expression,  Future  Perfect,  then, 
to  be  understood,  as  an  absolute  or  a  relative  term  ?  What 
relation  does  the  time  of  o-vfjLpovXevcrrjTai  sustain  to  that  of 
KaraAvcrai  ?  Do  they  both  denote  future  time  ?  Which  is 
prior  to  the  other  ?  Construction  of  £eVov  ?  What  relation 
does  ovra  express,  —  time,  cause,  or  conditionally  (176)? 
Primary  meaning  of  cKeAeucre  ?  Is  Tlp6£cvov  governed  by 
€/<e'Aewe,  or  is  it  the  subject  Ace.  before  7rapayevecr9a.L  ?C9 
Rule  for  accentuation  of  Trapaycve'o^at  ?  Of  XaySoVra  ? 
Were  the  written  accents,  as  they  now  stand  on  the  Greek 
words,  used  in  the  best  period  of  the  language  ?  About 
how  early  were  they  introduced  ?  What  occasion  was 
there  for  them  then  more  than  previously?70  Meaning 
of  d)5  before  ets  UeunSas  ?  Does  it  mean  "  saying  that," 


104  QUESTIONS   ON  THE  ANABASIS. 

&>9  et?  JJewtSo?  /3ov\6fjLevos  o-rpareveo-^faij  009 

7rape%di>Tc0v  TWV  Tleidi^wv  T?}  eav  ro£>  %a)pa.     %o- 
Se  TOZ>  ^-rv^akiov  /ecu  ^(o/cpdrrjv  TOV  '  Ayaiov, 


/cat 


"  on  the  pretence  that,"  or  what  ?  If  it  were  omitted, 
what  different  sense  would  the  sentence  have?  Where 
was  Pisidia  ?  Derivation  of  orpareuecr^ai  ?  Does  d>s  before 
Trpay/xara  have  the  same  meaning  as  the  one  before  ct's? 
Derivation  of  Trpay/xara?  From  what  part  of  Trparrw  ? 
What  person  of  the  Perf.  Pass.  ?  What  noun  comes  from 
the  second  Pers.  ?  What  from  the  third  ?  Has  Trpdy^ara 
here  its  usual  meaning?  What  is  its  meaning  here? 
Composition  of  cavrov  ?  What  other  form  can  it  have  ? 
What  is  the  position  of  the  Gen.  of  reflexive  pronouns 
with  reference  to  the  substantive  on  which  they  depend  ? 
Could  tavTov  be  placed  before  the  article  rrj,  or  immedi 
ately  after  xoV?^  Would  the  position  rfj  x°W  r?7  «xvrov 
have  the  same  force  as  that  in  the  text  (148,  R.  8)  ?  If 
instead  of  eavrov  in  the  text,  we  have  a  simple  personal 
pronoun,  JJLOV,  <rov,  T^/XOJV,  CLVTOV,  etc.,  how  would  it  be  placed  ? 
How  would  the  demonstrative  TOVTOV  be  placed,  —  like 
cavrou  or  /xov,  etc.  ?71  In  transferring  Greek  proper  names 
into  English,  how  is  ot,  as  in  Boiomov,  expressed  ?  How 
cu,  as  in  2c<£cui/eroi/  (3,  R.  1)  ?  Force  of  /cat'  before  TOVTOV?? 
Upon  what  word  does  its  force  fall  ?  To  what  previous 
word  does  it  direct  the  mind?  From  what  Pres.  does 
€\3eLv  come  ?  From  what  root  ?  What  letter  is  syn 
copated  in  the  form  ?  Rule  for  accent  (84,  3,  a)  ?  Pecu- 


QUESTIONS   ON  THE  ANABASIS.  105 


>9  Tr<J\ep,r)(T<t)v  Ticraafyepvei  avv 
rot?  <f)vydcn,  TUV  MiX^aiwv.     Kal  ITTOLOVV  ovrw  OVTOI. 


liarity  of  the  Perf.  ?  Force  of  on  before  TrXeio-rou?  ?  What 
is  denoted  by  the  Fut.  Part.  -n-oXe^jja-wv  ?  Construction 
of  Ti<rcra<f>€pv€t  ?  Does  erw  govern  more  than  one  case  ? 
What  letter  is  dropped  in  <£vycun  ?  Why  ?  How  is  <f>vyd<TL 
accented  in  the  Norn.  ?  Can  any  rules  be  given  by  which 
the  place  of  the  accent  may  be  determined?  How  are 
such  rules  obtained?  In  any  other  way  than  by  obser 
vation,  grouping  together  words  similarly  accented  in 
classes,  under  a  general  rule?72  With  a  few  exceptions, 
is  the  place  of  the  accent  uniform  in  the  verb  ?  What  is 
that  place  ?  Does  o-vV  here  have  the  meaning  of  the 
English  with,  as  when  we  say,  "  England  is  going  to  war 
with  France,"  or  does  it  mean,  "in  conjunction  with," 
"  with  the  aid  of"  ?  MtX^crtW  being  formed  from  the  noun 
MiA^ros,  by  the  influence  of  what  letter  is  the  r  changed 
into  cr?73  Why  the  Impf.  <Wow?  Does  it  mean  they 
wished,  they  endeavored  (152,  R.  4)  to  do  it,  or  they  went 
to  doing  it  ?  The  writer  might  have  used  the  Aor.  here, 
but  what  would  have  been  the  difference  in  the  view  given 
(152,  10)?  Derivation  of  ovrws?  What  is  the  usage  of 
the  Greek  by  which  o£r<os  ovrot  are  placed  together?74 


HOMEE. 

QUESTIONS   ON   THE   FIRST   THIRTY-TWO 
LINES   OF   THE   ILIAD. 

WHY  is  this  poem  called  the  Iliad?  Is  it  definitely 
known  when  it  was  composed  ?  How  early  was  it  known 
in  European  Greece?1  Was  the  author  a  European  or 
Asiatic  Greek  ?  Who  was  the  author  ?  Has  there  been 
any  doubt  in  regard  to  the  authorship  ?  Can  anything  be 
ascertained  of  the  personal  history  of  Homer  from  his  own 
writings  ?  Was  he  probably  born  blind  ?  Is  it  known 
when  he  lived?  How  many  cities  claimed  to  have  been 
his  birth-place  ?  What  two  places  are  generally  regarded 
as  having  the  strongest  claim  ?  Was  the  poem  probably 
committed  to  writing  by  the  author  ?  Was  writing  known 
in  the  time  of  Homer?  Who  first  collected  the  poems 
of  Homer  in  the  form  we  now  have  them  ?  Was  the 
Iliad  originally  divided  into  twenty-four  books,  as  at 
present  ?  How  then  were  the  different  parts  designated  ? 
What  is  the  meaning  of  Aoi/xo?,  M^ns,  at  the  commence 
ment  of  the  first  book,  and  other  inscriptions  at  the  com 
mencement  of  the  other  books?2  What  is  the  dialect  of 
Homer,  —  is  it  the  older  or  the  later  Ionic,  or  neither  ? 
General  characteristics  of  the  Ionic  dialect  ?  Why  called 
Ionic  ?  Where  used  principally  ?  What  is  the  subjetr 


QUESTIONS   ON  THE  ILIAD.  107 

MHNIN  aeiSe,  ^ea,  IL?\7?taSea>  ' 


of  the  poem  ?  Who  is  the  hero  ?  Why  does  not  the 
author  commence  with  an  account  of  the  circumstances 
which  led  to  the  disagreement  between  Achilles  and 
Agamemnon,  instead  of  reserving  this  account  for  the 
365  line,  et  seq.?  Would  the  effect  have  been  as  impres 
sive,  if  the  poet  had  given  these  circumstances  in  a  nar 
rative  form,  as  they  are  coming  from  the  lips  of  Achilles 
himself? 

Why  does  /x-JJi/u/  stand  as  the  first  word  ?  Derivation  ? 
If  from  /xeVw,  what  is  its  precise  meaning  ?  If  from  /*cuVo- 
/xat,  what?  Any  other  form  of  the  Ace.  besides  ppw? 
What  was  the  method  of  reciting  verse  which  makes  the 
use  of  aeiSe  proper?3  Prose  form  instead  of  aetSe?  Fut. 
of  dei'Sco  ?  Of  aSw  ?  Who  is  the  £ea  invoked  ?  Was  it  any 
divinity  known  by  name  to  the  poet,  or  simply  the  Muse  of 
Epic  poetry  ?  How  is  £ea,  goddess,  distinguished  from  the 
same  form  meaning  sight  f  What  kind  of  a  noun  is  Ify- 
A^taSew?  From  what  noun  is  the  patronymic  formed? 
Meaning  of  patronymics  ?  What  other  patronymics  could 
be  formed  from  IfyAev's  (Comp.  lines  188  and  223)  ?  When 
does  the  patronymic  end  in  -taS^s  ?  Why  -taSrys  when  the 
final  vowel  of  the  stem  is  long  ?  Why  not  -t'%  as  well  ? 
Could  such  a  form  as  HrjXrjL&rjs  be  introduced  into  hex 
ameter  verse?  Why  not?  What  are  the  Gen.  Sing. 
endings  of  masculine  nouns  of  the  first  Dec.,  in  Homer 
(197,  4)?  How  from  the  Gen.  in  -ao  come  the  forms  in 
-w  and  -ew?  Do  the  vowels  -€<o  in  nT/ArjiaSew  form  two 
syllables  ?  What  is  the  figure  called  by  which  they  are 


108  QUESTIONS  ON  THE  ILIAD. 


)  rj  fjuvpC  'A^a^  a\ye 
8'   lfoi/jLovs      i/a?  "A'iBi,  T 


pronounced  as  one  syllable  (194,  4)  ?  How  can  the  accent 
be  upon  the  antepenult  when  the  ultimate  is  long  (30, 
R.  2)  ?  Gen.  Sing,  of  H^A-T/iaSeo)  in  Attic  ?  Is  the  Gen. 
ending  -ov  ever  found  in  Homer  in  masculine  nouns  of  the 
first  Dec.  ?  In  what  three  respects  does  the  Gen.  'A^tXfyo? 
differ  in  form  from  the  Attic  Gen.  ?  Why  one  A  dropped  ? 
Why  e  of  the  Attic  ?/  here?  How  is  the  Attic  Gen. 
accented  ?  Derivation  of  ovAo/xeV^v  ?  Has  it  an  active 
or  a  passive  sense?  How  is  the  syllable  ov  explained? 
Before  what  letters  may  o  be  lengthened  into  ov?4  What 
instance  in  the  tenth  line?  Antecedent  of  ^?  How  is 
fjivpLOL  accented  when  it  means  ten  thousand?  How  when 
it  denotes  an  indefinite  number?  Is  this  distinction  uni 
formly  observed?  Has  the  word  here  its  specific  or  in 
definite  sense  ?  Who  were  the  'A^atot  ?  Why  does  Homer 
use  this  word,  instead  of  some  other,  to  designate  Greeks  ? 
Why  not  "EAA^o-i  ?  Which  would  an  Attic  writer  use  ? 
Full  form  instead  of  aAye'  ?  Is  the  termination  -ca  usually 
contracted  in  Homer?5  The  measure  would  have  been 
the  same  if  the  full  form  aAyea  had  been  retained,  and 
the  augment  of  i&rjKev  omitted,  —  would  the  rhythm  have 
been  as  good  ?  What  caesura  is  secured  by  the  form  aAye' 
that  would  be  lost  if  the  full  form  was  written  ?G  Is  the 
Dual  and  PI.  of  C^KCV  used  ?  How  is  its  place  supplied 
(131,  2)  ?  What  peculiarity  does  e^ryKev  present  in  the 
first  Aor.  ?  What  other  Aorists  have  the  same  (131,  2)? 
What  is  the  origin  of  the  final  v  in  e^Key  ?  Is  it  a  para- 


ON  THE  ILIAD.  109 

avTOvs  Be  e\a)pta  rev^e  Kvvecrcriv 

gogic  v,  or  does  it  belong  to  the  original  and  full  form  of 
the  word  ? 7     In  what  number,  genders,  and  cases  is  TroAAag 
irregular  in  its  inflection  ?     Form  of  Norn,  in  Attic  ?     Two 
forms  of  Norn,  in  Homer  (201,  3)  ?     Derivation  of  ty£i- 
IMOVS  ?     Is  it  a  compound  ?     Gender  ?     How  can  it  be  fem 
inine  ?     Does  it  belong  appropriately  to  i/or^as  or  fjpuwv  ? 
What  is  the  quantity  of  -ag  final  in  the  Ace.  PI.  of  the  first 
Dec.  (25)?      Of  the  third   (31)?     Composition  of  *At8i  ? 
Construction  ?     Norn.  ?     But  can  this  come  from  the  form 
'At&rp  ?     To  what  assumed  Norn,  must  *Ai'St  be  referred  ? 
What  is  the  figure  by  which   different  forms  like  'AfSao, 
"AiSos,  'Ai'Si  (first  and  third  Dec.)  are  referred  to  the  same 
Norn.  ?8     Force  of  Trpo  in  Trpota^ei/  ?     Does  irpoiafev  take 
the  augment  here  or  not  ?     How  is  that  determined  ?     If 
it   had  the  augment  would  the  t  be  long  or  short  (86)  ? 
Which  is  it  ?     What  are  the  elements  of  the  \f/  ?     With 
what  is  avrovs  contrasted  ?     What  then  does  avrovs  mean  ? 
How  is  the  hiatus  after  8e  to  be  accounted  for?     What 
character   or   letter   originally   preceded   the   c   of  eXoipta 
(193)?      Would    there,   then,    be    any   hiatus    (191,  g)  ? 
Construction  of  avrovs  and  eXwpta  (160,3)?     Derivation 
of  e'Xwpia?      Why  is  not  its  final  vowel  elided,    and   the 
augment  of  TC%   retained,  as  in    e^/ccv  above  ?      What 
caesura  would  there  then  be  in  the  fourth  foot  ?     Was  that 
a  favorite  one  with   Homer,  or  was  it  avoided?9     If  the 
augment  of  T«%e    were    used,  how    would    the    word    be 
accented?      Why  re^e  Impf.,  while   I^KCV  and  7rpo«n/rev 
are  in  the  Aor.  ?     Was  the  distinction  between  the  Impf. 
10 


110  QUESTIONS  ON  THE  ILIAD. 

Olwvolcl  re  Trao-t,  —  Albs  £'  ereXet'ero  (3ov\rj  — 

and  Aor.  as  clearly  marked  in  Homer's  time  as  subse 
quently  ?  May  he  not,  too,  even  where  the  action  is 
momentary,  and  consequently  requires  an  Aor.,  use  the 
Impf.  to  denote  that  the  effects  of  the  action  continue  ? 
Nom.  Sing,  of  Kvvco-a-w?  "What  letter  of  the  stem  is 
dropped  in  the  oblique  cases?  What  is  its  Dat.  PI.  in 
Attic?  Epic  endings  of  Dat.  PL  (199,  1)?  When  one 
and  when  two  o-'s  ?  Why  does  the  poet  speak  of  giving 
their  bodies  to  dogs  and  birds  of  prey  ?  Was  there  any 
thing  particularly  harrowing  to  the  mind  of  a  Greek  in 
such  a  thought  ?  Why  ?  Attic  Dat.  of  otwi/oto-t  ?  Deri 
vation  ?  What,  then,  is  the  primary  idea  ?  What  kind 
of  birds  are  denoted  ?  In  what  other  sense  is  oion/o?  often 
used?  What  is  noticeable  in  the  position  of,rc  standing 
after  owoi/ouri  ? 10  Meaning  of  iraxn  here  ?  From  what 
assumed  Nom.  is  Ato?  formed?  With  what  Nom.  is  it 
associated?  Why  oxytone?  Is  the  8'  after  Ato?  adver 
sative  or  continuative  ?  If  adversative,  what  is  the  clause 
with  which  it  stands  in  contrast  ?  Notwithstanding  what, 
was  the  will  of  Zeus  accomplishing  ?  Why  is  the  €  of  Se 
not  retained,  and  the  augment  of  ercXctcro  dropped  ?  What 
caesura  would  that  give?  From  what  Pres.  does  Homer 
form  ereAei'eTo  ?  What  is  the  Attic  Pres.  ?  Attic  Impf.  ? 
Why  Mid.  voice  ?  Force  of  Impf.  ?  How  was  the 
will  of  Zeus  accomplishing  ?  What  was  that  will  or  pur 
pose?  If  it  was  his  purpose  to  give  success  to  the  Greeks, 
how  are  these  woes  that  are  now  befalling  them,  to  be 
explained  ?  Accent  of  /3oiA>/  in  Gen.  Sing.  ?  Nom.  PI.  ? 


QUESTIONS   ON   THE  ILIAD.  Ill 


ov  Brj  raTTpcora 

re  ava%  avSpcov  /ecu  ££05  * 


Does  e£  ov  depend  on  oAye'  e^Kev,  Trpota^e^,  etc.,  or  ereAci- 
CTO  /JovA.77?     Why  €£,   and  not  e/c  ?     What  would  be  the 
full  expression  instead  of  e£  ov  ?n     Force  of  o^  here  ?     To 
what  class  of  words  does  it  give  explicitness,  or  a  deter 
minate  force?12     What  word  does  it  affect?      Derivation 
of  Trptora  ?     Literal  meaning  of  Siao-rrj-n;!/  ?     Force  of  6\a  ? 
In  what  number  is  the  verb  ?     Why  ?     Is  the  Dual  always 
used  when  two  persons  or  things  are  spoken  of  (147,  R.  3)  ? 
Why  is  the  augment  omitted?      Would  the  monotony  of 
three  successive  e  sounds  be  preferable  to  the  present  form  ? 
Which  Aor.   is  SLaa-T-rjrrjv  ?     Difference  between  the  first 
and  second  Aor.  of  tVr^/u  (  1  31,  R.  2)  ?    Difference  between 
the  second  Aor.  Act.  and  Mid.  ?     Is  the  second  Aor.  Mid. 
in  use?    Why  not?     Derivation  of  cpuravre  ?    Agreement? 
What   relation   does   it   express   (176)?     Cause   of  what 
action  ?     How  is  the  patronymic  'ArpetoV  formed  ?     What 
other  forms  could  be  given?     Force  of  re  after  'Arpet'oV? 
Could  it  be  omitted?     Without  changing  the  sentence  in 
any  way?      Stem  of  &/a£?     How  from  the  stem  is  the 
Norn,  formed  ?      What  letter  is  appended  to  the  stem  ? 
What  is  that  letter?      What  letter  of  the  stem  does  it 
reject?     How  is  the  £  formed?     Two  forms  of  the  Voc. 
Sing.?     When  one  and  when  the  other  used?     Why  is 
not  the  €  in  T€  elided  before  &va£?     Is  there  not  a  hiatus 
occasioned  by  retaining  it?     What  prevented  the  hiatus? 
What  character  or  letter  belonged  to  avag  which  would 
obviate  the  hiatus?     Stem  of  foSptiv?     What  becomes  of 


112  QUESTIONS   ON  THE  ILIAD. 


Tt9  T    ap  crtpwe  *&ewv  epi&i  gvverjice 
Arjrovs  teal  A  Cos  vios.     6  jap  @acri\rji 


the  c  ?  In  what  cases  only  is  it  retained  ?  How  does  the 
t  in  Stos  become  long  ?  What  is  the  uncontracted  form  ? 
Force  of  re  after  ris?13  What  is  the  usual  position  of  re 
with  reference  to  the  word  it  connects  ?  What  connection 
does  ap  (apa)  mark  with  what  precedes  ?  Number  </ 
cr<£coe?  To  whom  referring?  Why  without  an  accent/ 
When  the  accent  of  an  enclitic  unites  with  the  preceding 
oxytone,  on  what  principle  does  the  accent  which  would 
otherwise  be  depressed,  become  acute  ?14  What  Greek  verb 
from  e/otSt?  Is  IpiSt  an  adjunct  of  ^ui/ei^Kc  or  //.d^co^ai  ? 
Can  this  be  definitely  determined?  Why  not?  Does 
Homer  connect  it  with  words  of  both  significations  ?  Is 
£vv  or  <rvv  the  earlier  form  ?  How  is  the  e  before  the  17  in 
£wer]Ke  to  be  explained  ?  What  other  peculiarity  does  this 
Aor.  form  present  (Comp.  C&VJKCV  above)  ?  What  is  the 
Epic  Fut.  of  /xa^eo-^at?  Attic?  How  is  each  formed? 
What  relation  has  the  next  half  line  to  the  preceding  line  ? 
Norn,  of  A^rov??  How  declined,  and  why  so  accented 
(43,  b)  ?  Construction  of  vios?  How  accented  in  the 
Gen.  and  Dat.  ?  Peculiarity  in  the  use  of  6  as  compared 
with  Attic  Greek?  What  was  the  original  use  of  the 
Attic  article,  —  did  it  have  the  relation  of  an  article  or 
pronoun?  What  would  an  Attic  writer  use  for  6  here? 
Composition  of  yap  ?  Connection  between  the  sentence 
commencing  6  yap,  etc.,  and  what  precedes?  Attic  form 
and  accent  instead  of  ^ao-tX^i'  ?  Who  is  meant  by  it  ? 
Construction  [161,  2,  (c),  (/2)]  ?  To  whom  does  6  refer? 


QUESTIONS   ON   THE  ILIAD.  113 

Novcrov  ava  crrpcnbv  wpcre  tca/crjv,  b\eKovro  Se  Xaot, 
Ovve/ca  TOV  Xpvcrrjv  rjTi^cr    dprjrfjpa 


Why  was  he  angry  with  the  king  ?  Derivation  and  pri 
mary  meaning  of  x°^ct'«  ?  What  English  word  'from 
that  noun  ?  What  connection  between  the  primary  mean 
ing  of  the  noun  and  that  of  the  Part,  here  ?  How  does  the 
syllable  -«s  in  ^oXw^ets  originate  ?  Common  form  instead 
of  vova-ov?  By  what  general  usage  in  Homer  is  the  o 
lengthened  into  ou  ?  Primary  meaning  of  avd  ?  Meaning 
here  ?  How  comes  such  a  meaning  from  the  primary  one  ? 
Stem  of  to/acre  ?  What  syllable  is  added  to  the  stem  to  form 
the  Pres.  ?  When  is  w  and  when  vw  added  ?  Is  it  usual 
for  liquid  verbs  to  form  the  Fut.  or  first  Aor.  with  <r? 
Peculiarity  in  the  Perf.  of  wpo-e  ?  How  is  KUKO?  com 
pared  in  Homer  (202,  2)  ?  What  peculiarity  in  oAeWro  ? 
What  is  the  general  rule  in  regard  to  the  omission  of  the 
augment  in  Homer  (205,  1)?  Will  that  determine  every 
case  (Comp.  C^KCI/  and  rev^e  above)  ?  Only  what  tenses 
of  oAeWro  are  in  use  ?  Why  Mid.  voice  here  ?  Difference 
between  Mid.  and  Act  ?  Derivation  ?  Relation  of  the 
first  half  of  the  line  to  the  second  ?  Of  the  second  to  the 
first?  Derivation  of  Xaot?  Why  so  derived,  —  what  con 
nection  have  people  with  stones?  Full  form  instead  of 
owe/ca?  By  what  principle  does  it  have  this  form  (6,  2)? 
Has  TOV  here  simply  the  force  of  the  Attic  article,  or  a 
strictly  pronominal  force?15  Who  was  Chryses  ?  How 
had  he  been  dishonored?  Composition  and  derivation  of 
?  Derivation  of  aprj-^jpa?  How  differing  from 
line  23?  What  metrical  peculiarity  in  this  (11) 
10* 


114  QUESTIONS   ON  THE   ILIAD, 


yap  re      oa?  e       vrjas 
s  re  ^vyarpa  <j>ep(ov  r    a,7repel(7i    CUTTOIVCL, 


line  ?  What  is  meant  by  a  spondaic  line  ?  Full  form  of 
?X^c  (Comp.  line  152)?  Epic  Fut,  and  Perf.?  Attic? 
The  two  different  significations  of  Ipxo/xat  ?  Derivation  of 
$o'as?  Attic  for  v^as  ?  What  other  Epic  form  besides 
this  (200,  3;  and  comp.  line  487)?  How  much  of  Xvao- 
/xo/os  is  verb  stem  ?  What  is  the  cr  ?  Why  has  the  word 
two  accents  ?  Force  of  the  Fut.  Part.  ?  Why  Mid.  voice  ? 
Difference  between  Act.  and  Mid.  of  this  verb?  If  a 
person  owning  a  slave  or  captive  sets  him  free,  by  which 
voice  is  the  act  designated  ?  But  if  another  person  pur 
chases  him,  or  procures  his  freedom  from  the  owner,  by 
which  voice  is  this  act  designated  (Comp.  Awai,  line  20)  ? 
The  office  of  ri  after  Aucro/xevos?  Where  is  the  correla 
tive  ?  Is  re  ----  re  usual  in  Attic  Greek  ?  What  is  the 
more  common  formula  there  corresponding  to  re  ....  re 
here  (178,  3)?  Peculiarity  in  the  form  of  Svyarpa  (199, 
7)  ?  Why  not  <}>cpwv  in  the  Fut.  as  well  as  Awo'/xevos  ? 
Did  he  not  come  for  the  purpose  of  bringing  the  ransom  ? 
But  is  the  purpose  or  the  means  more  prominently  desig 
nated  by  </>e/>an/  ?  Fut.  of  <^ipi»  ?  From  what  theme 
formed  ?  Perf.  ?  From  what  theme  ?  Composition  of 
aTrepaW  ?  What  change  has  taken  place  in  it  ?  Why  ? 
Composition  of  airoiva  ?  What  Latin  word  from  the  last 
part  of  the  compound  ?  What  English  ?  Derivation  of 
crre/x/xa  ?  From  what  part  of  that  word  ?  What  was 
the  oTe/x/xa  ?  How  worn  usually  ?  By  what  English 


QUESTIONS   ON  THE  ILIAD.  115 


Xpvo-ea)  ava  a/ciJTrTpa,  Kal  eX/Wero  Trdvras  ' 
ArpeiBa  Se  jjt,d\icrTa  Bvco,  fcoa/Aijrope 
'ArpeiSat  re  Kal  aXXot  ev 


preposition   may  €Xw  with  the  Ace.  be  translated  here, 
and   in   similar   places  ?      What  is    «/  with   reference  to 
accent  ?      On  what   principle   is   ^cpc-iV  accented   on  the 
ultimate   (33,  III,  b.)  ?     Is  the  i  of  the  stem  omitted  in 
any  other  case  than  the  Dat.  PI.  ?     Composition  of  e/o?- 
fioXov  ?     From  what  part  of  the  verb  does  fioXov  come  ? 
What   kind   of   a   line   is   this    (14)    metrically?      What 
object   has  the   priest   in  taking   the   ore/x/xa  of  Apollo? 
Why  upon  the   sceptre  ?      Of  what   was   the   sceptre   a 
symbol?     What  figure  is  there  in  the  scanning  of  xpvvfy 
(194,  4)?     How  is  the  w  made  short   (190,  7)?     What 
would  be  the  Attic  form  instead  of  xpw«j>  ?     Why  the 
open  or  uncontracted  form  here?     Does  ava  govern  the 
Dat.  in  prose  ?     Derivation  of  <r/o?7rrpo>  ?     Meaning  of  the 
verb  ?     Difference  between  the  Pres.  and  Fut.  of  XiWo- 
/xat  ?     Case   and  number  of  'Arpet'Sa  ?     Why  not  the  cir 
cumflex  on  the  penult?     Is  Se'  adversative  or  continuative  ? 
Comparative  of  /AaAto-ra  ?     Origin  of  the  second  X  ?     Does 
the  Attic  use  Sv'w  ?     What  is  the  Attic  form  ?     Does  the 
Epic  use  any  form  besides  Sv'w  ?     Why  is  Suco  used  with 
the  Dual  'ArpeiSa,  —  does  not  the  Dual  alone  signify  the 
two  sons  of  Atreus?       Was  the  distinction  between  the 
Dual  and  the  Plural  as  clearly  marked  in  Homer's  time 
as  subsequently?16     Derivation  of  /coo-^rope  ?     And  KOO-- 
/xe'oj  from  what  ?     Primary  meaning  of  KOCT/AO?,  from  which 
Kooy*c<o  is  derived?      Why  has  'AT/m8<u  the  circumflex, 


116  QUESTIONS   ON   THE  ILIAD. 


'Yjuv  jJLev  ^eol  Solev  'OAuyitTna  £o>fiar' 
'E/CTrepacu  Hpidfjioio  7ro\iv,  ev  S'  ot/eaS'   i/ceo'&ai 


but  'ArpctSa  the  acute  upon  the  penult  ?  Is  not  the  final 
syllable  of  both  long  in  quantity  ?  But  how  is  -at  regarded 
in  respect  to  accent  (26,  4,  a)  ?  Who  are  the  sons  of 
Atreus  here  referred  to?  Difference  between  TC  KCU'  and 
/cat  alone  ?  What  word  would  an  Attic  writer  join  with 
oXAot,  which  is  not  here  ?  Composition  of  cu/ci/ijjuiSes  ? 
How  were  the  Ki^/xISe?  made,  —  in  one  or  two  pieces? 
Why  ?  Of  what  material  ?  Does  eiki/TJ/xtSes  denote  the 
whole  of  their  armour,  or  is  it  simply  a  part  put  for  the 
whole  ?  What  other  form  in  Epic  besides  vfuv  (203)  ? 
What  figure  in  the  scanning  of  $€ot  (194,  4)  ?  In  Attic 
Greek  would  .Scot  take  the  article,  or  not  ?  Did  the  article, 
as  such,  exist  in  Homer's  time?  Why  is  Sotev  in  the  Opt.  ? 
What  other  form  besides  this  ?  What  is  the  grammatical 
object  of  Sotcv  ?  Why  were  the  gods  represented  as  dwell 
ing  on  Olympus  ?  Was  there  more  than  one  mountain  of 
this  name  ?  What  one  is  meant  here  ?  How  high  is  it  ? 
Derivation  of  Sw/xara?  Why  the  acute  on  the  u>  here, 
while  the  Nom.  Sing,  is  circumflexed  ?  From  what  Pres. 
is  cKTrepo-at  ?  What  has  become  of  the  #  ?  What  letter 
rejects  it?  Rule  for  the  accent  (84,  4,  a)?  Attic  Gen., 
instead  of  Ilpta/xoto  ?  Is  the  Gen.  in  -ov  of  the  second  Dec. 
found  in  Homer?  Why  called  the  city  of  Priam?  Epic 
Gen.  Sing,  of  Tro'Xts  (199,  16)  ?  Force  of  8«  appended  to 
otKa  ?  What  case  is  ouca,  and  from  what  assumed  Nom.  ? 
From  what  Pres.  is  tKeV^at?  Rule  for  accent  (84,  4,  a)  ? 
Stem?  What  is  appended  to  the  stem  (120,2)?  Fut. 


QUESTIONS    ON    THE   ILIAD.  117 

1   €fj,ol  \vcral  re  <^i\rjv  ra  T'  arroiva  8e; 

4/,0?    VLOV    £KT)[Bd) 

Ev&  aAAoi  Luev  rrdvres 


how  formed  ?  Stem  of  TrcuSa  ?  Norn,  how  formed  from  it  ? 
Accent  of  Gen.  and  Dat.  Sing.?  Principle?  On  what 
does  the  Inf.  AScrai  depend?  When  it  is  said  that  it  is 
used  for  the  Imperative,  what  is  meant  ?  Was  the  gram 
matical  construction  as  perfect  in  the  earlier  period  of  the 
language  as  later  ?ir  Why  is  Avcrai  properispomenon,  while 
eKTrepo-ai  is  paroxytone  ?  Has  rd  here  the  force"  of  an 
article  or  a  pronoun  ?  Why  is  ADom  Aor.,  but  SeXecr3at 
Pres.  ?  Which  denotes  the  single  act,  and  which  the 
continuance  of  the  result?  Primary  meaning  of  a&ptvoi? 
What  tenses  in  use  ?  What  other  form  of  the  Ace.  besides 
'ATTo'AAwva  ?  How  is  that  form  obtained  ?  What  letter  is 
syncopated  ?  What  absorbed  ? 

Was  the  Greek  originally  written  in  capitals,  or  in  the 
cursive  letters  such  as  are  now  used?18  How  early  were 
the  cursive  letters  introduced?19  Were  the  words  origi 
nally  separated  from  each  other  by  spaces,  as  at  present, 
or  written  together  without  spaces  ?  Does  ZvSa  primarily 
denote  time  or  place?  Which  here?  To  what  word  is 
aAAot  antithetic  ?  Would  the  Attic  use  ot  here  with  5AAoc, 
or  not  ?  Composition  of  €7rev<j>far)o-av  ?  Has  it  any  aug 
ment?  What  is  the  principle  respecting  the  augment  in 
verbs  beginning  with  €£  (90,  2)  ?  Derivation  of  a28e«r&u  ? 
Why  properispomenon  ?  What  would  be  the  accent  before 
contraction  ?  Do  all  contracted  syllables  which  have  the 
accent,  take  the  circumflex  [11,  2,  (2),  (b)]?  Of  what 


118  QUESTIONS   ON  THE  ILIAD. 

L  ^  iepfja  KOI  dy\aa  Se^aL  aTroiva 


OVK 
/ca/cco?  dtyei,  Kparepov  8'  eVl  pifeov  tre\\ev 


word  is  &  the  representative  ?  How  does  it  receive  this 
form?  Attic  for  icpya  (199,  10)  ?  How  accented?  Tense 
of  Se^cu  ?  From  what  ?  On  what  principle  does  the 
accent  of  dAA.'  disappear  (12,  3)  ?  Why  'Aya/xe/xvon  in 
Dat.  [161,  2,  (c),  (8)]  ?  Stem  of  fySave?  How  from  that 
stem  is  the  Pres.  di/Scu/w  formed  (121,  b)  ?  What  is  the 
Fut.  ?  Is  it  formed  from  the  simple  stem  dS  ?  What 
letter  is  assumed  in  order  to  form  the  Fut.,  and  why  ? 
Construction  of  $vp3?  Is  it  in  any  way  governed  by 
fybavc  ?  What  relation  does  it  sustain  to  'Ayajou/xvcw  ?  Is 
it  indispensable  to  the  sense  here  ?  Why  used  then  ? 
How  is  Ka/cois  compared  as  an  adverb  (54,  1)  ?  Why  is 
the  comparative  in  the  singular,  but  the  superlative  in  the 
plural  ?  In  the  comparative,  how  many  things  are  brought 
into  view  ?  More  than  two  ?  As  one  is,  therefore,  com 
pared  with  the  other,  in  what  number  must  the  compara 
tive  be  ?  In  the  superlative  is  two  or  more  things  brought 
into  view  ?  What,  then,  must  be  the  number  of  the 
superlative  ?  Where  is  a<£i'ci  made  ?  From  what  Pres.  ? 
How  this  form  from  a^t^/xt  (Comp.  Impf.  of  ri^/xt)  ? 
How  can  the  i  in  d<£ia  be  short  ?  To  what  word  does  CTTI 
belong?  What  is  the  figure  called  by  which  it  is  sep 
arated  ?  What  is  the  derivation  and  meaning  of  the  term 
Tmesis  •?  What  English  word  from  fjivSov?  Perf.  Act. 
of  reAAo)  ?  How  is  the  a  in  the  penult  of  the  Perf.  to  be 


QUESTIONS   ON  THE  ILIAD.  119 

Mr)  o-e,  yepov,  KoiXrj&iv  eyci)  Trapa  vyvcrl 
*H  vvv  ^jf^vvovr    rj  v&repov  avris  lovra, 


explained  (102,  3)  ?  In  what  two  ways  does  the  Fut. 
Act.  of  reAAco  differ  from  the  Pres.  ? 

Do  the  general  laws  of  scanning  apply  to  the  Greek 
the  same  as  to  the  Latin  ?  In  scanning  Greek,  is  a  final 
vowel  before  another  word  beginning  with  a  vowel  to  be 
omitted,  as  in  Latin  (Comp.  lines  4  and  seven)  ?  Are  all 
the  elisions  made  in  the  composition  of  Greek  poetry  which 
are  intended  ?  Was  hiatus,  t.  c.,  one  word  ending  with  a 
vowel  and  the  next  beginning  with  a  vowel,  to  any  extent 
allowed  in  Greek  poetry?  Does  it  occur  in  Greek  more 
or  less  frequently  than  in  Latin?20  Can  the  quantity  of 
the  vowels  be  determined  more  easily  in  Greek  or  Latin  ? 
Why  ?  How  many  of  the  Greek  vowels  determine  their 
quantity  by  the  form?  What  are  they?  Is  this  true  of 
any  of  the  vowels  in  Latin  ?  Only  how  many  vowels  in 
Greek,  then,  do  not  determine  the  quantity  by  the  form  ? 
Are  not  even  these,  however,  when  standing  before  another 
vowel,  or  a  single  consonant,  in  most  cases  short?  How 
many  times  are  these  vowels  long,  except  before  two  con 
sonants  or  a  double  consonant,  in  the  first  twenty-five  lines 
of  the  Iliad,  and  how  many  times  short  ? 

Why  pr)  and  not  ov  before  ere  (177,  5)  ?  Is  yepov  the 
pure  stem,  or  is  it  shortened  (35)?  Norn.?  By  what 
principle  is  o  of  the  stem  lengthened  into  o>  in  the  Nom.  ?21 
Attic  form  for  KotXrjo-Lv?  What  other  form  in  Epic  (197, 
6)?  Why  is  the  term  used  at  all,  —  are  not  all  ships 
hollow  ?  Do  we  speak  of  hollow  ships  ?  Why  not  ?  Attic 


120  QUESTIONS   ON  THE  ILIAD. 


Mr)  vv  rob  ov  xpalcrprj  o-tcfjirrpov  teal  crre/xftct 
Tr]v  $  eyo)  ov  Xucr&j,  TTplv  JJLIV  teal 

eVl  ot/cw,  ev  "Apye'i,  Trj\o§t, 


for  vrjvai  ?  What  two  other  Epic  forms  (200,  3)  ?  Pecu 
liarity  in  the  form  of  /a^cico  (209,  6)  ?  Derivation  of 
vo-repois  ?  How  compared  ?  What  influence  has  it  on 
a*Ti?,  —  does  it  weaken  or  strengthen  it  ?  From  what  is 
avrt<>  formed  ?  Its  Attic  form  ?  Is  toVra  a  Pres.  or  second 
Aor.  Part.  ?  Is  its  accent,  however,  that  of  a  Pres.  or 
Aor.  ?  Attic  for  TOI?  What  other  Epic  form  (203)? 
Tense  of  ^paior/x.?/  ?  Is  the  Pres.  in  use?  Attic  word  for 
rrfv  ?  Was  the  Attic  or  Ionic  the  earlier  dialect  ?  Why 
called  Attic  ?  Was  it  confined  to  Attica  ?  When  did  the 
Attic  supersede  the  Ionic?22  Why  ov  and  not  py  with 
Avo-to  ?  Why  Av'crw  in  Act.  ?  What  is  the  Stem  ?  cr  ? 
w?  Peculiarity  of  piv?  How  many  genders  does  it 
represent?  Construction?23  Does  Kat  mean  also  or  even? 
How  determined  ?  On  what  word  does  its  force  fall  ? 
Has  ITTCIO-IJ/  a  Pres.  or  Fut.  sense  (137,  R.  3)  ?  On  what 
principle  is  hiatus  admissible  after  ^/xerepw  and  OIKW 
(191,  a)  ?  How  the  one  after  ivi  ?  What  letter  originally 
preceded  OIKO>,  which  would  prevent  hiatus  (191,  g)  ? 
Attic  instead  of  ivi?  Why  need  eV  "Apyei  and  ryXoSi 
be  introduced  after  he  had  mentioned  ^/xerepw  tvl 
?  Did  not  the  priest  know  that  Agamemnon's  home 
was  in  Argos,  and  that  it  was  far  away  from  Troy? 
But  would  the  impression  be  as  strong,  though  the  facts 
were  known,  if  the  four  last  words  of  the  line  were 
omitted  ?  Where  was  Argos  ?  Does  the  word  here 


QUESTIONS   ON   THE  ILIAD.  121 

'Icrrov  €7roi'Xp/Ji€vr]v  Kal  IpJov  Xe^o?  avTio 
,  aacorepo?  w?  /ce 


denote  merely  the  city  of  that  name?  In  what  different 
senses  is  it  used?  Construction  of  TrarpTys  (157)?  Attic 
form  ?  What  does  Homer  use  instead  of  long  a  in  the 
first  Dec.  (197,1)?  Derivation  of  icrroV?  The  perti 
nence  of  the  name  ?  What  was  the  position  of  their  web, 
—  perpendicular  or  horizontal  ?  Construction  of  Icrrov  ? 
Would  good  prose  allow  so  loose  a  construction  ?  Agree 
ment  of  cTroixopevrjv?  Literal  meaning?  How  would  the 
two  words  be  translated  into  English  ?  Derivation  of  Xe^os  ? 
Agreement  of  di/rtowo-ai/  ?  Regular  contracted  form  ?  Are 
the  open  or  uncontracted  forms  of  verbs  in  -ao>  frequent 
in  Homer?24  What  kind  of  a  form  is  this?  On  what 
principle  is  the  resolution  here  made  by  o  (Comp.  Aa/x- 
TreroWrt,  line  104)  ?'25  Derivation  of  epc'<!h£e  ?  Why 
crcuorepos  and  not  craorepos?  Why  is  the  comparative  used 
here  ?  What  thought  is  suppressed  which  is  necessary 
to  complete  the  comparison,  —  safer  than  what  ?  Does 
(os  in  its  sense  here,  take  an  accent  ?  Whence  comes  its 
accent,  then  ?  Difference  between  ws  with  and  without  the 
accent  ?  Attic  for  *e  ?  What  letter  is  syncopated  in  vei/at  ? 
Attic  instead  of  it  ?  How  formed  from  this  ?26 

Is  the  proportion  of  vowels  here  greater  or  less  than 
in  prose  ?  Why  so  ?  In  the  first  seven  lines  of  the  Iliad 
do  the  vowels  or  consonants  predominate  ?  In  what  pro 
portion  ?  How  is  it  in  the  first  seven  of  the  Aeneid  ? 
Does  that  predominance  of  consonants  over  the  vowels 
hold  generally  in  the  Latin  ?27  In  Greek  what  is  the  pro- 
11 


122  QUESTIONS   ON  THE  ILIAD. 

portion  of  vowels  to  consonants?28  How  many  diphthongs 
in  the  first  seven  lines  of  the  Aeneid  ?  How  many  in  the 
same  of  the  Iliad  ?  Does  that  indicate  the  relative  number 
in  the  two  languages?29  Is  aspiration,  as  in  77,  ^/auW, 
cXwpitt,  etc.,  above,  more  common  in  Greek  or  in  Latin? 
How  many  instances  of  aspiration  in  the  first  twenty-five 
lines  of  the  Iliad,  and  how  many  in  the  same  of  the 
Aeneid  ? 


NOTES 


NOTES. 


NOTES  TO  QUESTIONS  ON   THE   FABLES. 

1.  THE  case-endings  of  Latin  nouns,  etc.,  generally  denote  the 
relations  which  the  nouns,  etc.,  express ;   but  as  the  English  nouns 
have  no  such  case-endings,  except  the  possessiA^e,  the  relation  which 
the  Latin  expresses  by  these  endings  is  usually  denoted  in  English 
by  prepositions.     Hence,  to  denote  the  relation  of  the  Abl.  metu,  we 
use  by  or  from,  and  for  that  of  milvii,  of:   Hence,  milvu  metu,  by 
fear  of  the  kite. 

2.  The  rule  means  that,  when  the  relation  of  cause,  manner,  or 
means  is  to   be  expressed,  such  relation  is  denoted  by  putting  the 
noun  in  the  Abl.     The  word,  therefore,  is  not  governed  by  any 
other  word. 

3.  The  e  in  accipitrem,  and  in  all  similar  Accusatives  of  the  third 
Dec.  is  a  connecting  vowel,  connecting  the  stem  acdpitr  with  the 
case-ending  m.     The  e  of  the  Nom.  is  dropped  in  the  oblique  cases. 

4.  The  proper  root  of  rogo  is  roga,  contraction  taking  place  in  the 
Pres.,  as  rogao,  rogo,  rogaas,  royas,  etc.     The  grammar,  however,  to 
which  references  are  made  in  these  "  Questions,"  does  not  adopt  this 
explanation. 

5.  The  dentals  (or  linguals)  d  and  t  are  either  dropped  before  s, 
to  soften  the  pronunciation,  as  (claudsi)  clausi,  (ridsi)  mi,  (sentsi) 
sensi,  (dividsum)  divisum,  etc. ;  or  they  are  assimilated  before  s,  as 
cessi  for  cedsi. 

6.  The  Latin  has  no  substantive  personal  pronoun  of  the  third  per 
son  ;  ille  hie,  is,  etc.,  are  not  properly  substantive  personal  pronouns, 

11* 


126    NOTES  TO  QUESTIONS  ON  THE  FABLES. 

with  the  meaning  of  he,  etc.,  but  demonstrative  adjective  pronouns 
agreeing  with  some  noun  understood.  They  are,  however,  quite 
frequently  used  as  personal  pronouns. 

7.  All  ablatives  Sing,  of  the  fifth  Dec.  are  formed  by  contraction, 
ee  being  contracted  into  £,  as  dice,  die.     This  declension,  like  the 
fourth,  is  but  a  modification  of  the  third. 

8.  Twenty-three  simple  verbs  in  Latin  have  the  reduplication, — 
two  of  the  first  conjugation,  four  of  the  second,  and  seventeen  of  the 
third. 

9.  The  clause  following  quam  completes   the  comparison  which 
was   commenced  in  the   preceding   clause  by  majorem,  —  the  com 
parison  being  imperfect  without  the  clause  with  quam. 

10.  The  form  of  the  Norn,  of  the  third  Dec.  generally  differs  from 
the  stem  or  root;  but  the  stem  may  be  found  by  rejecting  is  of  the 
Gen.  Sing.,  as  temports,  stem  tempor ;  civitatzs,  stem  civttat. 

11.  Potuisset  is  strictly  the  apodosis  of  a  proposition,  the  protasis 
being  understood,  such  as  "had  he  made  the  trial."     (See  Gram. 
261,  R.  4.) 

12.  There  is  only  a  connection  of  signification  between  mains  and 
the  comparative  and  superlative,  —  none  in  form ;  the  comparative 
and  superlative  in  use  supply  those  of  malus  which  are  not  in  use. 

13.  The  m  of  com  and  n  of  in  are  assimilated  before  liquids,  as 
irruo  (inruo),  corruo  (conruo),  illlno  (inlino),  etc.     (See  Gram.  196,  5.) 

14.  The  Latin  has  no  Pcrf.  Act.  Participle,  as  the  English ;  there 
fore  it  cannot  have  a  construction  like  the  English,  "  having  gnawed 
the  nets,"  and  the  like. 

15.  The  relative   at  the  commencement  of  a  sentence  generally 
differs  from  the  demonstratives  hie  or  ille,  in  having  a  connective  force. 
The  connective  force  may  be  expressed  in  various  ways,  as  now, 
then,  and  the  like. 

16.  When  the  action  denoted  by  the  Abl.  absolute  is  performed 
by  the  same  agent  as  that  denoted  by  the  verb  of  the  same  sentence, 
the  Perf.  Pass.  Part,  in  the  Abl.  absolute  may  be  translated  into 


NOTES   TO   QUESTIONS   ON  THE   FABLES.  127 

English  by  our  Pcrf.  Act.  Part.,  as  recuperate  gladio,  ad  suos  rever- 
sus  est,  "  having  recovered  his  sword,  lie  returned  to  his  party." 

17.  Most  masculine  and  feminine  nouns  of  the  third  Dec   in  the 
Norn,  append  the  letter  s  to  the  stem ;  this  letter  is  called  the  sign 
of  the  Nom.  or  the  gender  sign. 

18.  As  the  combination  rs  at  the  end  of  a  word  was  not  euphonic 
to  a  Roman  ear,  the  s  rejects  the  r,  so  that  we  have  the  Nom.  mus 
rather  than  murs.     It  is  sometimes  said,  however,  that  the  s  in  rmis 
is  not  the  sign  of  the  Norn.,  but  that  it  stands  for  r,  these  letters 
being  often  interchangeable. 

19.  The  d  of  ad  is  assimilated  before  c,  q,  qu,  p,f,  f,  I,  r,  s. 

20.  The  prefix  ob  was  originally  obs  (obstendo),  but  the  b  is  dropped 
when  the  prefix  comes  before  t,  —  the  combination  of  three  consonants 
generally  not  being  admissible.     On  the  same  principle  the  6  of  abs 
is  dropped,  as  aspetto  for  nbspello. 

21.  The  difference  between  quis  and  qui  as  an  interrogative  is,  that 
quis  inquires  for  the  name  of  the  person  or  thing,  but  qui  for  the 
character  or  quality. 

22.  The  Perf.  Act.  of  sto  is  irregular,  both  in  following  the  analogy 
of  the  third  conjugation,  and  in  having  the  reduplication.     If  the 
Perf.  were  formed  regularly  it  would  be  stavi.     In  the  Pcrf.  steti  it 
will  also  be  observed  that  the  s  of  the  stem  syllable  is  omitted  before 
t ;  hence  steti  for  stesti.     The  same  occurs  in  spopondi  for  spospondi, 
and  in  other  words,  the  repetition  of  the  s  being  uncuphonic. 

23.  Where  the  vowel  of  the  stem  is  changed  in  the  Perf.  the  vowel 
of  reduplication  is  e,  as  sto  (stem,  stao),  steti  ;  do  (stem,  dao),  dedi; 
parco,  peperci ;  cado,  cecldi.     Where   e  belongs   to   the  stem   it  is 
retained  in  the  reduplication,  as  tendo,  tetendi ;  pello,  pepuli.      So, 
too,  other  vowels  are  retained  where  the  root  is  not  changed,  as 
curro,  cucurri ;  spondeo,  spopondi. 

24.  In  the  verb  eo  the  e  remains  before  a  vowel,  but  is  changed 
into  i  before  a  consonant.     But  in  the  Pres.  Part,  (iens),  i  stands 
before  a  vowel. 


128  NOTES   TO   QUESTIONS   ON   THE  FABLES. 

25.  Some  nouns  of  the  third  Dec.,  whose  stem  ends  in  n,  omit  the 
Nom.  sign  s,  and  also  drop  the  n;  as  sermo  (stem,  sermon);  leo 
(leon),  etc. 

26.  When  quantus  agrees  with  a  noun,  it  signifies  how  great ;  but 
when  it  is  in  the  neuter  gender,  and  governs  a  Gen.,  how  much ;  as 
quanta  exempla,  how  great,   important  illustrations;   quantum   exem- 
plorum,  how  many  illustrations. 

27.  The  full  form  of  sum  is  esum,  the  e  appearing  in  three  forms 
of  the  Indie.  Pres.,  and  throughout  the  Impf.  Indie,  and  Subj.,  etc. 

28.  Where  there  are  two  groups  of  words  forming  an  antithesis, 
the  order  of  the  first  group  is  changed  in  the  second ;  thus  two  of 
the  antithetic  words  are  as  far  apart  as  possible,  and  two  as  near 
together  as  possible ;    this  arrangement  making  the  antithesis  more 
pointed ;  as  CONCORDIA  maxuma,  minuma  AVARITIA  erat.    (See  Note 
53  to  Questions  on  Cicero.) 

29.  The  order  of  the  conjunctions  here  named,  in  point  of  force, 
is  at,  sed,  autem. 

30.  A  strengthening  n  is  inserted  in  the  Pres.  of  many  verbs,  as 
si-n-o,  li-n-o,  tem-n-o,  etc.,  which  is  retained  only  in  the  first  root. 

31.  In  several  words  p  is  inserted  between  ms  and  mt  as  a  support  to 
the  voice,  giving  an  easier  pronunciation.    The  organs  seem  to  require 
such  a  letter,  even  if  it  is  not  written ;  as  sumo,  sum-/>-si,  sum-/>-tum. 

32.  The  regular  form  of  the  comparative  of  magnus,  after  dropping 
the  strengthening  n,  would  be  magior ;  dropping  the  g  it  is  maior,  as 
it  is  sometimes  written;  i  and  j  were  originally  the  same  letter,  but 
the  vowel  relation  was  subsequently  denoted  by  i,  and  the  consonant 
relation  by  j,  as  in  major. 

33.  R  and  s  are  often  interchangeable  letters,  the  former  being  often 
changed  into  the  latter,  and  the  reverse ;  as  from  sceler  comes  sceles- 
tus,  from  feriae,  festus.     So  the  Part,  questus  for  quertus,  gestum 
for  gertum,  etc. 

34.  The  stem  of  vox  is  voc,  the  Nom.  sign  s  being  appended  to  the 
stem,  the  c  and  s  combine,  and  form  x. 


NOTES.  129 


NOTES   TO   QUESTIONS  ON  NEPOS. 

1.  The  Greeks  did  not  have,  like  the  Romans,  any  name  to  desig 
nate  the  family  and  the  gens,  and  hence  no  surname,  as  with  us ;  the 
Greek  names  are  the  names  of  individuals  merely,  and  they  never 
become  surnames,  as  is  often  the  case  with  us.     The  Greek  generally 
has  but  one  name,  while  the  Roman  has  two  or  more. 

2.  Miltiades  here  has  strictly  no  grammatical   construction.     It 
stands  independent,  like  inscriptions,  titles  of  books,  subjects  of  com 
position,  etc. 

3.  When  the  vowel  after  qu  is  omitted,  q  is  changed  into  c.    Hence 
qu(u)m,  cum;  loqu(o)r,  locutus ;  qu(o)tidie,  cotidie. 

4.  The  general  statement  or  fact  would  be  the  same  if  et  were 
omitted.     The  use  of  it  gives  force,  particularity,  individuality  to 
antiquitate,  etc.     There  is  a  difference  between  saying  A  and  B,  and 
both  A  and  B,  or,  not  only  A  but  B.     So  here. 

5.  The  et  after  guum  is  correlative  with  et  before  gloria. 

6.  Good  Latin  usage  would  allow  the  three  et's  to  be  omitted  here  ; 
so  that  we  could  have  antiquitate,  gloria,  modestia ;  but  the  first  two 
could  not  be  omitted,  and  the  third  retained.     Hence,  all  used  or 
all  omitted. 

7.  No  uniform  or  invariable  rule  for  the  position  of  the  Gen.  can 
be  given  ;  but  if  the  Gen.  is  prominent  or  emphatic,  —  t.  e.,  if  the  idea 
expressed  by  it  is  more  important  than  that  of  the  noun  or  adjective 
by  which  it  is  governed,  —  it  stands  before  the  governing  word.     The 
position  of  a  Gen.  before  the  governing  word  does  not,  however, 
necessarily  make  it  emphatic,  its  tendency  being  to  a  position  before 
rather  than  after,  independent  of  emphasis.     (See  Gram.  279,  R.) 

8.  See  Note  32  to  Questions  on  the  Fables. 


130  NOTES  TO   QUESTIONS  ON   NEPOS. 

9.  The  combined  force  or  emphasis  of  units  omnium  falls   upon 
maxime,  —  unus  being  frequently  joined  with  the  superlative  to  give  it 
emphasis.      Hence  maxime  floreret  (was  particularly  eminent)  unus 
omnium  (above  all  others). 

10.  The  regular  form  of  the  superlative  of  magnus,  from  which 
maxime  is  derived,  would  be  magimus ;  but  an  s  is  inserted  as  an 
euphonic  letter  after  g,  and  the  g  and  s  combining  make  x. 

11.  In  the  first,  second,  and  fourth  conjugations  the  union  vowel  e 
before  re  of  the  Inf.  combines  with  the  final  vowel  of  the  root,  and 
makes  the  penult  vowel  of  the  Inf.  long.     Thus  amdo  (root  ama), 
ama&re  =  amdre;  doceo  (root  doce),  doctere  =  docere;  audio  (root 
audl),  audlere  =  audlre. 

12.  The  root  of  sum  is  es.     The  regular  form  of  the  Inf.,  from 
which  the  Impf.  subjunctive  is  formed,  would  then  be  esere ;   but 
syncopating  the  e  after  s,  the  r  is  then  assimilated  to  the  s ;  hence  the 
Inf.  is  esse,  and  the  Impf.  subjunctive  is  essem,  etc. 

13.  "Jam  always  implies  a  progression  up  to  the  present  time;  or 
from  the  present  to  a  future  time ;  it  thus  compares  tacitly  what  is 
now  with  a  former  or  future  state  of  things.     Nunc  relates  to  the 
present  moment ;  '  now,'  as  opposed  to  '  then' "    Johnson's  Arnold's 
Nepos. 

14.  The  #  in  cognitum,  and  words  of  the  same  derivation,  does  not 
arise  from  the  n  of  the  preposition  con  in  composition,  but  is  the 
initial  letter  of  nosco,  which  has  been  dropped,  —  the  full  form  being 
gnosco. 

15.  Some  verbs  append  sc  to  the  root,  which  is  retained  only  in 
the  parts  of  the  verb  formed  from  the  first  root.     Thus,  no-sc-o,  novi, 
notum.     So  cre-sc-o,  pa-sc-o,  etc. 

16.  The  dentals  (d,  t)  are  sometimes  dropped  before  s,  and  some 
times  assimilated  to  it ;  hence  in  the  Perf.  of  mitto  both  the  t's  are 
dropped  before  the  ending  si;  thus  mi-si ;  but  in  the  supine  and  Perf. 
Part,  one  t  is  assimilated  to  the  s  of  the  ending,  the  other  t  being 
dropped,  as  a  succession  of  three  consonants  would  not  be  admissible ; 


NOTES  TO  QUESTIONS  ON  NEPOS.       131 

thus  missus,  missum.  In  the  Perf.  of  claudo  the  dental  d  is  dropped, 
as  clausi  (for  claudsi),  while  in  the  Perf.  of  cedo  it  is  assimilated,  as 
cessi  (for  cedsi).  Comp.  Note  5  to  Questions  on  the  Fables. 

1 7.  Words  which  refer  to  what  precedes  generally  stand  first  in  the 
sentence.     Hence,  demonstrative  and  relative  pronouns,  when  they 
relate  to  a  preceding  substantive  or  statement,  are  always  placed  first. 
Krebs's  Guide  for  Writing  Latin. 

18.  The  er  and  or  of  the  stem  of  neuter  nouns  is  often  changed  into 
us  in  forming  the  Nom.,  as  gener,  genus  ;  corpor,  corpus. 

19.  See  Note  12. 

20.  Different  prepositions  in  English  are  used  to  express  the  rela 
tion  of  the  Latin  objective  Gen.  governed  by  a  noun ;  as  ejus  demi- 
grationis  societatem,  participation  IN  this  emigration.     So  admonitio 
virtutis,  encouragement  TO  virtue  ;  praemium    industriae,  reward  FOR 
industry ;  peritia  historiae,  acquaintance  WITH  history;  deorum  opinio, 
belief  IN  the  gods.     Krebs's  Guide. 

21.  Some  verbs  of  the  third  conjugation  form  their  second  and 
third  roots  like  verbs  of  the  fourth  conjugation,  as  peto,  petSre,  petivi, 
petitum.     So  cupio,  quaero,  etc. 

22.  When  mutes  come  together  they  must  be  of  the  same  order, 
smooth  with  smooth,  hard  with  hard,  etc.    Hence,  when  the  smooth 
or  soft  g  of  deligo  comes  to  stand  before  the  hard  t  in  the  third  root, 
it  is  changed  into  the  hard  mute  c. 

23.  The  stem  of  Apollinem  is  Apollin  ;  but  some  nouns  of  the  third 
Dec.  whose  stem  ends  in  n,  drop  that  letter,  and  where  the  stem  vowel 
is  i,  change  the  i  into  o ;  hence  stem  homin,  Nom.  homo;  stem  Apollin, 
Nom.  Apollo  (see  Note  25  to  Questions  on  the  Fables). 

24.  See  Note  34  to  Questions  on  the  Fables. 

25.  The  final  r  of  uterentur  is  the  sign  of  the  passive,  the  u  before  it 
being  merely  a  connecting  vowel,  connecting  the  passive  sign  and  t, 
the  sign  of  the  third  person. 

26.  Neuter  or  intransitive  verbs  can  be  used  only  impersonally  in 
the  passive ;  since  in  the  active  voice  they  have  no  Ace.  which  can 


132       NOTES  TO  QUESTIONS  ON  NEPOS. 

be  converted  into  the  subject  of  the  verb  in  the  passive.     Hence, 
invidet  mihi,  he  envies  me,  but  invidetur  mihi,  I  am  envied,  not  invideor. 

27.  The  i  in  caplo,  and  other  words  in  -io  of  the  third  conjugation, 
does  not  belong  to  the  root,  but  is  a  strengthening  letter.     This  vowel 
is  dropped  in  all  the  endings  of  the  Pres.  Indie.  Act.  and  Pass., 
beginning  with  a  consonant,  and  is  therefore  retained  only  in  the 
first  Pers.  Sing,  and  third  Pers.  PL  ;  as  capio,  captor,  capiunt,  capi- 
untar.     The  i  in  capls,  capimus,  capitis  is  not  this  strengthening  i,  but 
is  merely  the  union  vowel.     If  it  were  the  strengthening  t,  it  would 
be  long  in  these  forms,  as  is  the  case  in  the  fourth  conjugation,  where 
the  i  is  part  of  the  root,  and  combines  with  the  union  vowel  i,  and 
becomes  long ;  hence,  audio,  audis,  audlmus,  audltis.     The  syllable  it, 
however,  of  the  third  Pers.  Sing,  is  short,  even  in  the  fourth  con 
jugation. 

28.  See  Note  31  to  Questions  on  the  Fables. 

29.  In  oratio  recta,  fecissent  would  be  in  the  Fut.  Perf.,  and/utara 
in  the  simple  future ;  hence,  si  idfecerint,  incepta  prospera  erunt. 

30.  In  Note  15  it  was  said  that  some  verbs  append  sc  to  the  root; 
this  is  done  when  the  root  ends  in  a  vowel,  as  no-sc-o ;  but  when  the 
root  ends  in  a  consonant,  isc  is  appended  instead  of  sc,  otherwise  three 
consonants  would  come  together  ;    as  projis-isc-or,   reviv-isc-o,  con- 
cup-isc-o. 

31.  Sua  sponte  is  the  predominant  usage,  sponte  sua  seldom,  in  the 
best  period  of  the  language,  except  in  the  poets. 

32.  When  compounded  with  a  verb,  in  very  rarely  has  a  negative 
sense.     In  ignosco,  ignoro,  it  has  a  negative  force. 

33.  Facturos  in  oratio  recta  would  be  in  the  simple  future  :  we  will  do 
it  (faciemus). 

34.  Before  the  dentals  d  and  t,  m  is  changed  into  the  dental  n ; 
hence,  eundem  for  eumdem,  tantus  for  tamtus.     In  this  way  letters  of 
the  same  order  are  brought  together,  and  are  more  easily  pronounced. 


NOTES.  133 


NOTES   TO  QUESTIONS  ON   CICERO. 

1.  See  Note  34  to  Questions  on  Nepos. 

2.  The  dem  in  tandem  is  a  demonstrative  suffix,  the  same  as  in 
idem. 

3.  In  imperative  and  interrogative  sentences  tandem  has  the  mean 
ing  of  I  pray,  Task,  thereby  giving  emphasis  to  the  expression  with 
which  it  is  connected. 

4.  The  form  in  -re,  instead  of  -ris,  is  not  usual  in  the  second  Pers. 
Sing.  Indie.  Pass.,  as  the  form  in  -re  would  be  the  same  as  that  of  the 
Pros.  Inf.  Ace.,  and  might  be  easily  mistaken  for  it ;  e.  g.,  amare  for 
amaris,  docere  for  doceris.     But  in  the  subjunctive  Pres.  Pass,  the 
form  in  -re  may  be  used,  as  it  is  not  liable  to  be  mistaken  for  any 
other  form ;  antere  for  ameris ;  carpare  for  carparis. 

5.  Furor  is  an  appropriate  word  to  denote  the  recklessness  of  a 
seditious  person. 

6.  The  metaphor  implied  in  eludet  is  derived  from  combatants  or 
gladiators,  who  by  a  skilful  motion  of  the  body  avoid  the  thrusts  of 
their  antagonists. 

7.  Iste  is  compounded  of  is  and  the  pronominal  suffix  te,  —  the 
same  suffix  that  is  appended  to  tu  to  strengthen  it,  as  tute. 

8.  Two  pronouns  in  a  sentence,  referring  to  each  other,  are  usually 
placed  near  together.     Krebs's  Guide. 

9.  The  bad  sense  of  iste  arises  from  its  frequent  use  in  addressing 
the  defendant  or  opponent  in  courts  of  justice. 

10.  See  Note  21  to  Questions  on  the  Fables. 

11.  In  Cicero,  quern  ad  finem  does  not  mean  to  what  end,  but  how 
long. 

12 


134  NOTES   TO   QUESTIONS    OX   CICERO. 

12.  In   the   earlier  language,   the   Ace.    Sing,   of  pronouns  was 
strengthened   by  reduplicating  the  form;  as   meme,  tcte,  sese.     The 
reduplicated  sese  is  found  both  in  the  Sing,  and  PI.  in  the  best  period 
of  the  language. 

13.  The  question  introduced  by  ne  does  not  determine  whether  the 
answer  is  to  be  yes  or  no.     The  question  with  ne  is  asked  for  infor 
mation,  whether  the  thing  is  or  is  not  so. 

14.  By  separating  the  governing  and  governed  words  from  each 
other,  the  mind  of  the  hearer  or  reader  is  kept  in  suspense  till  it 
reaches  the  governing  or  the  governed  word  ;  in  this  way  a  stronger 
impression  is  made. 

15.  In  times  of  danger  a  guard  or  garrison  was  placed  upon  tho 
Palatine  hill,  as  it  was  situated  in  the  central  part  of  the  city,  and 
whoever  had  possession  of  it  could  defend  the  city. 

16.  Cities  were  not  in  a  circular  form ;  but  from  their  compactness, 
and  from  their  being  surrounded  by  a  wall,  the  word  denoting  a  city 
is  properly  derived  from  orbis,  a  circle. 

17.  Watches  were  posted  through  the  whole  city  by  the  decree  of 
the  Senate.     See  Salltisfs  Catiline,  c.  30. 

18.  During  the    Republic  there  was    no    standing   police  force. 
Sentinels,  however,  were  employed  on  occasions  of  danger. 

19.  The  temple  of  Jnpiter  Stator  stood  near  the  foot  of  the  Pala 
tine  hill. 

20.  The  temple  of  Jupiter  Stator. 

21.  Some  editions  have  two  or  three  instances  of  a  Perf.  in  -ere  for 
-erunt;  it  is  probable,  however,  that  Cicero  never  used  the  perfect 
form  in  -ere,  but  that  this  was  the  work  of  some  copyist.    Neither 
Caesar  nor  Nepos  uses  it. 

22.  See  Note  11  to  Questions  on  Nepos. 

23.  A  question  with  non  expresses  surprise  that  the  thing  is  not  so 
(does  not  take  place),  and  a  doubt  of  the  possibility  of  its  being 
denied  ( Muddy' s  Lat.   Gram.).     Hence,  in  the  passage  here,  7s  it 
possible  that  you  do  not  see,  etc.  ? 


NOTES  TO   QUESTIONS   ON   CICERO.  136 

24.  See  Note  27  to  Questions  on  Nepos. 

25.  See  Note  22  to  Questions  on  Nepos. 

26.  Besides  the  idea  of  a  past  act,  the  Perf.  definite  often  denotes 
the  present  state,  or  continuance  of  the  result  ;  hence  constrictam,  having 
been  bound,  and  the  state  continuing,  being  now  bound. 

27.  The   conspiracy  is   here   compared   to   a   wild  beast   that  is 
chained. 

28.  Nonne  would  imply  an  affirmative  answer,  it  being  assumed 
that  the  person  addressed  knows  and  admits  the  thing  to  be  so.     For 
the  meaning  of  a  question  with  non,  see  Note  23. 

29.  The  union  vowel  i  in  the  termination  is  combines  with  the 
short  e  of  video,  and  lengthens  it.     Comp.  Note  27  to  the  Questions 
on  Nepos. 

30.  For  propior  and  proximus,  an  old  positive,  propus,  must  be 
assumed.     The  superlative  of  such  a  positive  would  be  propsimus  ; 
the  ps  forming  x,  the  word  becomes  proximus. 

31.  Summus  comes  from  suprernus  by  syncopating  re,  and  assimi 
lating  the  p  to  the  m  after  it 

32.  The  change  of  a  to  e,  as  well  as  the  quantity  of  e,  is  explained 
by  the  reduplication  of  Greek  verbs  beginning  with  a  short  vowel,  as 

from  &w. 


33.  The  Gen.  Sing,  of  nouns  in  -ins  and  -him  was  probably  in  -i, 
instead  of  ii,  till  the  time  of  Augustus,  though  there  is  some  discrep 
ancy  in  the  MSS.  on  this  subject. 

34.  The  stem  of  mos  is  mor  ;  but  s  and  r  being  interchangeable 
letters,  the  termination  in  s  was  preferred.     Compare  honor  and  honos, 
arbor  and  arbos,  the  poets  preferring  the  forms  in  s. 

35.  The  omission  of  the  connective  gives  animation  and  force  to 
the  discourse,  —  the  mind  being  directed  only  to  what  is  important 
to  the  thought. 

36.  The  second  v  in  vivo  combines  with  the  tense  sign  s  in  the 
second  root,  and  forms  x  (vixi),  and  in  the  third  root  is  changed 
into  c  before  t  (victum). 


136  NOTES   TO   QUESTIONS   ON  CICEEO. 

37.  The  force  of  immo  is  strengthened  or  made  emphatic  by  vero. 

38.  By  publici  consilii  is  meant  the  deliberation  in  regard  to  the 
interests  and  safety  of  the  state ;  and  the  force  of  the  expression  con 
sists  in  the  fact  that  the  state  is  in  so  deplorable  a  condition   that 
the  man  who  is  plotting  for  her  destruction  takes  part  in  this  delib 
eration. 

39.  See  Note  29  to  Questions  on  the  Fables. 

40.  Neither  the  Perf.  nor  Plupf.  Indie,  of  oportet  would  imply  that 
the  act  was  performed  at  the  time  when  it  should  have  been,  but  both 
of  them  would  imply  that  the  time  for  doing  the  act  was  past ;  while 
the  Impf.  Indie,  implies  that  the  time  for  doing  the  act  is  not  past ; 
the  act  ought  to  have  been  done  long  ago,  but  it  was  not  done ;  it 
ought  to  be  done  still,  and  may  be  done. 

41.  For  the-  sake  of  euphony,  in  poetry,  also  for  the  sake  of  the 
quantity,  a  consonant,  particularly  a  liquid,  is  sometimes  doubled. 
In  some  instances  the  doubled  letter  would  be  pronounced  if  it  were 
not  written.     Hence  ferri,  Pas.  Inf.  otjfro;  os,  oss-is ;  mel,  mell-is; 
far,farr-is;  milk  and  mile;  littera  and  lltera. 

42.  Omnis,  as  the  Greek  TTUS>  usually  stands  after  the  pronouns  to 
which  it  belongs*. 

43.  Jarndiu,  implying  past  time,  necessarily  requires  the  verb  to 
which  it  belongs  to  be  translated  by  a  past  tense  :  You  have  been  for 
a  long  time  plotting,  and  are  still. 

44.  Seipio,  a  private  man,  is  contrasted  with  Cicero  the  consul ; 
Gracchus  with  Catiline;  a  slight  attempt  against  the  state  with  its 
destruction ;  the  Roman  republic  with  the  whole  world. 

45.  A  very  short  word  usually  precedes  a  longer  one. 

46.  Certain  expressions  have  a  uniform  arrangement  of  the  words, 
as  pontifex  maximus,  patres  conscripti,  populus  Romanus,     So  in  Eng 
lish,  safe  and  sound,  fire  and  water,  hope  and  fear.     The  fixed  phrases 
in  English,  however,  are  often  different  from  the  Latin,  as  by  sea  and 
land  (terra  marique),  by  fire  and  sword  (Jerro  ignique),  etc. 

47.  See  Note  U  above. 


NOTES  TO   QUESTIONS   ON  CICERO.  137 

48.  Cicero  here  speaks  for  rhetorical  effect,  and  does  not  give  a 
true  view  of  the  efforts  of  Gracchus  for  a  revolution.     He  elsewhere 
speaks  in  a  very  different  tone  of  Gracchus. 

49.  Nam  is  often  a  transition  particle,  being  used  when  the  speaker 
passes  on  to  a  remark  occasioned  by  the  former  sentence,  but  not 
containing  any  cause  or  reason.     Arnold's  Latin  Prose. 

50.  The  d  which  appears  in  illud,  id,  and  the  like,  is  probably  the 
same  as  the  demonstrative  5e  in  Greek,  as  ToSe,  this  here.     It  therefore 
increases  the  demonstrative  force  of  the  word. 

51.  Quod  with  the  Indie,  here,  as  in  other  similar  passages,  is 
nearly  equivalent  to  the  Ace.  with  the  Inf.     Indeed,  the  Ace.  with 
the  Inf.  (C.  Servilium  Ahalam occidisse)  might  have  been  sub 
stituted  for  it  with  slight  difference  of  meaning.     Quod,  however,  is 
more  appropriate  when  the  verb  following  it  is  in  a  past  tense. 
Comp.  Zumpt's  Lat.  Gram.,  626,  Note  1. 

52.  In  composition   there  is  a  frequent   change  of  vowels,   as  a 
into  e  before  two  consonants,  and  into  i  before  one :  inermis  (in  and 
arma),  expers  (ex  and  pars),  ini miens  (in  and  a.micus) ;  so  coerceo  (con 
and  arceo).     Comp.  Note  37  to  Questions  on  Virgil. 

53.  The  figure  by  which  the  order  of  the  words  in  two  or  more 
groups  is  changed,  is  called  Chiasmus   (a  placing  crosswise).     See 
further,  Note  28  to  Questions  on  the  Fables.      Comp.  also  Catil., 
third  Orat.  6,  quod  URBEM  incendiis,  cacde  GIVES liberassem. 

54.  The  senatus  consultum  here  referred  to  was  passed  on  the  21st 
of  October,  63  B.  C. 

55.  The  formula  by  which  the  consuls  were  invested  with  supreme 
power  was :  Darent  operam  consules  ne  quid  respublica  detriment! 
caperet.     See  Chap.  2  of  this  oration. 


12* 


JTQTES, 


NOTES  TO   QUESTIONS  ON  VIRGIL, 

1.  The  tomb  of  Virgil  is  shown  at  Naples.     Niebuhr,  incredulous 
as  he  was  in  regard  to  all  matters  of  mere  tradition,  believed  this  to 
be  the  tomb  of  Virgil. 

2.  In  the  Aeneid,  Aeneas  is  a  purely  mythical  character.     Under 
this  name  Virgil  has  undoubtedly  described  the  character  and  achieve 
ments  of  some  other  person,  perhaps  those  of  Augustus. 

3.  The  first  seven  lines,  which  may  be  termed  the  proem,  contain 
the  subject  of  the  poem. 

4.  When  Virgil  says  that  he  sings  of  arms  and  the  man,  etc ,  he 
means  particularly  that  he  is  to  describe  these  in  poetry.    Sometimes, 
however,  the  recitation  of  poetry  was  accompanied  by  music. 

5.  See  Note  23  to  Questions  on  the  Fables. 

6.  The  word  Dactyl  is  derived  from  the  Greek  SCI/CTUA.OS,  a  finger, 
because  a  dactyl  has  one  long  syllable  and  two  short  ones,  just  as 
the  finger  has  one  long  part  or  joint  and  two  short  ones.     The  word 
Spondee  is  derived  from  airovS-f),  libation,  treaty ;  because  in  the  services 
connected  with  these,  slow,  solemn,  spondaic  melodies  were  used. 

7.  The  greatest  number  of  syllables  in  a  hexameter  line  is  seven 
teen  ;  all  the  feet  may  be  dactyls  except  the  last.     The  least  number 
is  thirteen  ;  all  may  be  spondees  except  the  fifth. 

8.  Authority  or  the  use  of  the  poets  really  determines  the  quantity 
of  all  syllables ;  and  the  rules  themselves  even  are  based  on  this 
usage.     The  rules,  therefore,  only  group  together  certain  forms  or 
endings,  etc.,  whose  vowels  have  a  uniform  quantity,  either  long  or 
short ;  i.  e.,  the  rules  are  only  the  exponents  of  the  quantity  as  deter 
mined  by  the  use  of  the  poets.    But  if  the  quantity  of  every  vowel  of 
every  word  was  determined  by  rule,  the  rules  would  bo  so  numerous 


NOTES  TO   QUESTIONS   OX   VIRGIL.  130 

as  to  be  of  little  value.  Therefore,  when  it  is  said  that  a  particular 
syllable  is  long  or  short  by  authority,  it  is  only  meant  that  it  does 
not  come  under  any  of  the  general  rules. 

9.  A  short  syllable  is  often  made  long  in  the  Arsis,  by  the  stress 
of  voice  which  falls  upon  it. 

10.  See  Note  4  to  Questions  on  Nepos. 

1 1 .  Vis  has  been  found  to  be  used  in  all  its  cases,  though  the  Gen. 
and  Dat.  Sing,  are  very  rare. 

12.  See  Note  31  to  Questions  on  Cicero. 

13.  See  Note  25  to  Questions  on  the  Fables. 

14.  Etiam  would  be  commonly  used  in  good  prose,  instead  of  et 
here. 

15.  Dum,  signifying  while,   may  be   followed   by  the   subjunctive 
when  a  design,  purpose,  or  wish  is  expressed. 

16.  The  stem  of  the  second  root  of  fero  is  tol ;  the  third  root  then 
would  regularly  be  tolatum,  and  dropping  the  o,  tlatum.     The  t  of  the 
last  form  being  dropped  on  account  of  the  uncuphonic  combination 
of  tl,  the  third  root  becomes  latum.    For  the  change  of  o  into  u  in  luli, 
see  Note  27. 

17.  The  name  of  the  country  was  in  most  cases  derived  from  the 
name  of  the  people,  and  not  the  reverse.     Latium  was   then  the 
country  of  the  Latini. 

18.  In  milu,  only  mi  is  root,   and  hi  is  the  Dat.  ending.     Mild, 
particularly  in  poetry,  was  often  contracted  into  mi. 

19.  In  Cicero's  time,  and  before,  causa  was  written  with  two  s's. 
All   languages   have    a   varying    orthography  ;    the   variance   being 
greatest  at  periods  remote  from  each  other,  but  also  to  some  extent 
manifest  at  any  given  period.     There  was  often  a  difference  between 
the  orthography  in  manuscripts,  on  coins,  and  inscriptions  on  stone. 
Hence,  numus  and  nummus;  annulus  and  anulus ;  poena  and  paena ; 
vult  and  volt;  coelum  and  caelum ;  genetrix  and  genitrix ;  toties  and 
MMM  /  conjux  aud  conjunx ;  litera  and  littera ;  haud  and  haut,  etc. 


140  NOTES  TO   QUESTIONS   ON  VIRGIL. 

20.  Quid  in  itself  has  no  signification  kindred  or  related  to  dolens; 
the  actual  cognate  word  is  to  be  considered  as  understood,  and  quid  is 
regarded  as  the  attributive  of  such  cognate  word,  and  of  course  stands 
in  the  same  case  as  that  word  would  if  supplied.     In  this  way  quid 
can  be  said  to  be  a  cognate  accusative. 

21.  V  before  a  consonant,  particularly  t,  changes  into  u;  as  vo- 
lutum  (from  volvo),  sohitum   (from  solvo),  fautum   (from  faveo),  —  v 
having  originally  both  a  vowel  and  consonant  force,  and  the  con 
sonant  force  being  uneuphonic  before  another  consonant,   assumes, 
for  the  sake  of  euphony,  in  cases  like  those  here  given,  its  vowel 
relation  in  the  form  of  u.     On  the  contrary,  the  vowel  u  sometimes 
takes  a  consonant  force,  and  changes  into  v ;  as  gaudeo,  gajnsus. 

22.  E  is  changed  into  M,  especially  before  a  single  /,  or  usually 
before  I  followed  by  a  consonant ;    as  pello,  pepuli,  pukum  ;   vello, 
vitlsum. 

23.  Besides  the  other  grounds  for  the  use  of  the  plural  of  nouns, 
the  poets  not  unfrequently  use  it  cither  for  emphasis  or  for  the 
metre. 

24.  In  poetry,  words  that  require  to  be  made  emphatic  receive  a 
special  emphasis  by  being  placed  at  the  beginning  or  end  of  the  line. 

25.  The  name  Mare  Mediterraneum  first  occurs  about  A.  D.  250, 
the  Roman  name  previous  being  Mare  Internum. 

26.  Unus,  as  an  intensive  word,  occurs  much  more  frequently  with 
the  superlative  than  with  the  comparative. 

27.  0  frequently  interchanges  with  u;  as  corpus  for  corpor,  vult  for 
volt,  humanus  from  homo. 

28.  The  Greek  has  a  past  active  participle,  and  would  take  Samo 
in  the  Ace.  after  it ;  but  the  Latin,  having  no  past  active  participle, 
can  express  the  relation  only  by  the  passive  participle  in  the  Abl. 
absolute. 

29.  The  prevailing  Hiatus  in  Virgil  is  in  the  Arsis,  more  seldom  in 
the  Thesis.     In  line  16  the  effect  of  the  Hiatus  is  prevented  by  the 
Caesura,  and  by  the  division  in  the  line. 


NOTES   TO   QUESTIONS   ON  VIRGIL.  141 

30.  The  old  ablative  from  which  hie  comes  was  h(o)ic  or  h(e)ic 
=  hie. 

31.  In  Virgil  the  penult  i  of  illius  is  oftener  short  than  long. 

32.  As  hoc  here  refers  to  Carthago,  which  is  feminine,  but  takes  the 
gender  of  regnum,  there  is  strictly  an  attraction  of  gender. 

33.  See  Note  12  to  Questions  on  Nepos. 

34.  See  Note  4  to  Questions  on  Nepos. 

35.  See  Note  50  to  Questions  on  Cicero. 

36.  Qui  usually  stands  the  first  word  in  its  clause  in  prose. 

37.  A  in  composition  is  usually  changed  into  the  lighter  vowel  i 
before  a  single  consonant,  but  before  two  consonants  into  e;  as  in- 
imicus  (in-f-  amicus),  abigo  (ab-{-  ago),  conjicio  (con-f-  jacio),  abripio 
(ab-f-rapio),  coerceo  (con  -|-  arceo),  abreptits  (ab-f-  raptus). 

38.  Spretae  is  formed  from  the  theme  spreo. 

39.  See  Note  22  to  Questions  on  Nepos. 


142  NOTES. 


NOTES   TO   QUESTIONS   ON   THE  ANABASIS. 

1.  Socrates  had  no  particular  place  where  he  gave  his  instructions  ; 
sometimes  he  taught  in  the  groves  of  the  Academy,  sometimes  in  the 
Lyceum,  or  on  the  banks  of  the  Ilissus,  or  in  the  streets  of  Athens. 

2.  Proxenus  had  come   to  Athens  to   attend  the  instructions  of 
Gorgias  the  rhetorician,  and  while  there  had  formed  an  acquaintance 
with  Xcnophon. 

3.  Scillus  was  given  to  Xenophon  by  the  Lacedemonians,  they 
having  taken  it  from  the  Eleans. 

4.  The  expedition  left  Ephesus  about  the  7th  of  February,  and 
Sardis  about  the  6th  of  March. 

5.  Cyrus  was  not  quite  seventeen  when  he  was  appointed  satrap. 

6.  Cyrus's    satrapy    included    Lydia,   Phrygia,   and   Cappadocia, 
being  between  that  of  Pharnabazus  on  the  north,  and  that  of  Tissa- 
phernes  on  the  south. 

7.  Cyrus   was   invested  with  higher  powers  than   the  other  two 
satraps,  and  stood  to  them  nearly  in  the  relation  of  governor-general. 

8.  The  cause  for  the  disappearance  of  5  in  the  Nom.  does  not  exist 
in  the  Gen.,  for  in  the  Gen.  it  stands  before  a  vowel,  but  in  the  Nom. 
before  <r,  which  is  an  uneuphonic  combination.     Hence  <r  rejects  5  in 
the  Nom. 

9.  The  cr  appended  to  the  stem  of  nouns  of  the  third  Dec.  is  the 
sign  of  the  Nom.,  sometimes  called  the  gender-sign,  as  it  is  appended 
to  masculine  and  feminine  nouns.    Comp.  Note  17  to  Questions  on 
the  Fables. 

10.  The  syllable  of  reduplication  71  rejects  t  of  the  stem  (ytv)  in 


NOTES  TO   QUESTIONS   ON  THE  ANABASIS.        143 

11.  The  6  rejected  by  the  improper  reduplication  yi,  reappears  in 
all  the  tenses  where  yi  is  dropped. 

12.  The  combination  of  a  liquid  and  ff  was  not  euphonious  ;  hence 
the  ff  was  either  dropped  after  a  liquid  (as  in  oreXw  for  ffi4\oo>),  or 
a  vowel  was  assumed  to  obviate  the  harshness.     Hence,  for  the  for 
mation  of  the  Fut.  of  yiyvo/jLai,  an  e  is  assumed  with  the  stem  yev, 
which  then  becomes  ytvt,  and  this  €  in  forming  the  Fut.  is  lengthened 
into  77,  as  in  contract  verbs. 

13.  The  numeral  Svw  is  scarcely  used  at  all  in  Attic ;  Svo,  both  in 
Attic  and  Ionic. 

14.  The  particles  n4v 8e  stand  in  contrasted  clauses,  though 

the  contrast  is  often  a  slight  one. 

15.  The  stem  of  dpi  is  ts ;  the  <r  being  dropped,  as  a  compensation 
e  is  lengthened  into  e*. 


16.  The  clause  commencing  with  tirti  is  an  adverbial  clause;  as  it 
denotes  the  time  when  the  action  expressed  by  ifrovXero  took  place. 
The  same  clause,  however,  under  other  circumstances  might  be  a 
substantive  clause ;  as  in  the  expression,  "I  knew  when  Darius  was 
sick,"  —  the  clause  "when  Darius  was  sick"  being  the  object  of  the 
verb  knew. 

17.  The  inferential  particle  olv  is  much  stronger  than  &pa,  —  the 
latter  implying  only  a  slight  consequence. 

18.  The  original  or  assumed  form  of  the  article  was  r6s,  —  the 
Nom.  sign  ff  being  dropped  in  the  Nom.  Sing,  masculine,  and  the  r 
in  the  Nom.  Sing,  and  PI.  masculine  and  feminine. 

19.  The  Greek  avoided  the  stiffer  form  of  the  Plupf.,  and  substi 
tuted  for  it  the  more  pliant  Aor.,  except  where  special  precision  in 
the  relation  of  time  was  required.    For  this  reason  the  Aor.  is  often 
found  where  the  Plupf.  might  have  been  expected. 

20.  In  the  combination  KO.\  Se  the  word  on  which  the  force  of  Kai 
falls,  stands  between  these  particles.     Hence  in  the  passage  referred 
to  :  "  and  appointed  him  general  also." 


144    NOTES  TO  QUESTIONS  ON  THE  ANABASIS. 

21.  The  T)  before  7  in  OTpa.rfiy^v  would  regularly  be  long  a  (a-rpa- 
TQ.y6v),  as   in  \ox&y6s  ;  but  as  a  second  o  in  the  word  would  be 
uneuphonio,  the  a  is  changed  into  ?j. 

22.  The  <r  in  iras  is  the  sign  of  the  Nom.     Comp.  Note  9  ;  also 
Note  17  to  Questions  on  the  Fables. 

23.  A.VTUV  is  a  more  quiet,  or  less  emphatic,  form  than  TOVTWV 
would  be. 


24.  The  regular  form  instead  of  lartujn.  would  be  a-iffrijfjn,  —  ai 
being  the  reduplication  (Comp.  Lat.  sisto).  For  the  sake  of  a  more 
euphonic  form,  the  sibilant  0-  is  exchanged  for  the  aspirate,  which 
transferred  to  t  makes  it  I.  So  the  regular  Perf.  Act.  would  be 
,  but  by  a  similar  change  it  becomes  ec 


25.  The  old  pronominal  use  of  the  article  is  infrequent  in  Attic 
Greek  ;  this  use  of  it  occurs,  however,  in  all  periods  of  the  language, 
particularly  in  such  forms  as  6  p.4v,  &  Se  ;  ol  p.4v,  ol  8e  ; 
5e,  etc. 


26.  The  regular  form  of  the  Perf.  would  be  XeArj^a  ;  but  the  X  is 
dropped  as  not  euphonious,  and,  as  a  compensation,  «  is  lengthened 
into  et. 

27.  Tis  with  the  participle  denotes  the  view,  opinion,  or  purpose 
of  the  agent  or  actor  ;  here  not  the  view  or  purpose  of  Xenophon,  but 
that  of  Artaxerxes. 

28.  Some  words  are  defective  in  certain  tenses  ;  and  such  defective 
tenses  are  supplied  by  the  corresponding  tenses  of  other  words  of  a 
similar  meaning. 


29.  The  Greek  a  may  be  either  long  or  short;  in  the 
(j-oy,  the  a  was  long  by  position  before  the  dropping  of  vr  ;  but  after  the 
dropping  of  these  letters,  it  becomes  naturally  long,  being  lengthened 
as  a  compensation  for  the  omitted  letters.  But  c  is  not  both  long  and 
short  in  itself;  therefore,  when  VT  of  aTt/j.a<r&fis  is  dropped,  6  is 
lengthened  into  et.  The  a,  then,  is  lengthened  in  its  nature,  and  e  in 
its  form. 


NOTES   TO   QUESTIONS   ON   THE  ANABASIS.         145 


30.  The  &  in  faus  is  the  relative  6,  the  stem  of  gy,  —  a  being  the 
Norn.   sign.      The  6  in  <57ro?os,   <M<roy,   Mre,  etc.,    has   the   same 
origin. 

31.  The  i  subscript  was  originally  written  in  the  line,  and  pro 
nounced.     Subsequently,  when  it  came  to  be  omitted  in  the  pronun 
ciation,  it  was  dropped  in  the  writing,  but  was  afterwards  restored,  so 
as  to  preserve  the  original  form  of  the  words  to  which  it  belonged, 
heing  then  written  under  (subscript)  the  word,  instead  of  in  the  line] 
as  originally. 

32.  The  repetitions   of  the  action  in  the  principal  clause  must 
balance  or  be  equal  to  those  in  the  introductory  clause;  such  repeated 
actions  in  the  principal  clause  are  appropriately  expressed  only  by 
the  Impf.  Indie. 


33.  The  expression  ruy  irapk  frur&fus,  with  its  connected  clause, 
is  literally  translated  :   "  Now  whoever  of  the  [those]  from  the  king 
came  to  him"  (from  time  to  time). 

34.  Besides  its  genitive  relation  here,  farfrfos  has  also  the  relation 
of  a  Dat.  with  irapd.    Thus  the  whole  expression  would  be  :  "Oo-ns 
5'  aQiKvotro  -rS>v  [$„•„„  va(&  pa<n\£]  ^apit  /3a<nAe«s,  etc.  (whoever  of 
those  being  with  the  king  came  from  the  king).     This  construction 
is  not  infrequent. 

35.  The  particle  re'  was,  in  the  earlier  periods  of  the  language, 
joined  with  certain  classes  of  words  to  give  them  a  connective  force. 
But  as  the  language  improved,  these  words  came  to  have  a  connective 
force  of  themselves.     The  re'  was  then  no  longer  needed,  and  was 
wholly  superfluous   with   such    words  ;    it   was    therefore   generally 
omitted  in  Attic  Greek.     Some  few  words,  however,  retained  it,  even 
in  the  best  periods  of  the  language;  as  &rre,  ofts  re,  etc. 

36.  The  position  of  -rrap  cavry  in  the  phrase  T£J/  vap    tavry  fap- 
pw,  between   the   article  and  its  noun,  gives  it  an  adjective  or 

attributive  relation.     The  phrase,  literally  translated,  is  :  "  the  with- 
himself  barbarians." 

37.  The  verb  ix™  with  an  adverb  is  generally  equivalent  to  efcf 

13 


146        NOTES  TO   QUESTIONS   ON  THE  ANABASIS. 

with  the  same  adverb  ;  as  ex*"'  CVVOIKUS,  to  have  themselves  well  dis 
posed,  to  be  well  disposed  ;  ex*'"  ovrtas,  to  have  itself  so,  to  be  so. 

38.  The  particle  us  is  often  joined  with  superlatives  to  strengthen 
them  or  increase  their  force.    The  force  of  us,  therefore,  falls  upon 
the  superlative. 

39.  Where  us  is  used  to  strengthen  the  superlative,  as  stated  in 
Note'  38,  some  part  of  Swapou,  or  an  equivalent  expression,  is  ex 
pressed  or  understood  ;    very  often   understood,     'fis,   therefore,  in 
such  cases,  is  a  simple  connective,  —  connecting  the  word  which  the 
superlative  strengthens  with  some  part  of  ovva/j.ai  expressed  or  under 
stood.     In  the  passage  here  referred  to,  o>s  connects  &waro  with 
firiKpvTrT6/j.ei/os,  concealing  himself  especially  as  he  was  able,  as  much  as 
he  in  any  way  could,'  hence  as  secretly  as  possible. 

40.  The  particle  OTI  is  strictly  a  pronoun,  and  virtually  retains  its 
pronominal  force  where  it  is  used  to  strengthen  a  comparative  or 
superlative.    Its  real  force  in  this  and  similar  clauses  can  be  seen  by 
analyzing  the  one  in  which  it  here  stands.      Supplying  the  ellipsis, 
the  sentence  would  stand  thus  :  OTTCOS  \dftoi  jSao-tAeo  ovrus  airapcurKev- 
affrov,  us   O,TI  a.trapaffKfv6Tar6v   fori,  that  he  miyht  take  the  king  so 
unprepared,  as   whatever  is  most   unprepared,   i.  e.,  as   unprepared  as 
POSSIBLE.     See  White's  Anabasis. 

41  .  riojeto-^at  av\\oyi]v  means  to  make  a  levy  for  one's  self,  like  the 
Latin  comparare  sibi  ;  while  troitiv  <ruAAoyjjf  is  simply  to  make  a  levy, 
—  it  not  being  determined  by  the  expression  itself  for  whom  it  is 
made. 

42.  In  the  sentence  commencing  6ir6ffas,  <pv\a.K<is  is  attracted  into 
the  relative  clause,  and  into  the  case  of  the  relative  (6Tr6<ras).  Putting 
<pu\a><ds  in  its  own  clause  and  case,  the  sentence  would  stand  : 
<f>v\a.Ku>v,  oiruffas  e/xe,  etc.,  —  (pv\a.Kui/  being  then  governed  by  <ppov- 


43.  A  medial  mute  is  inserted  between  /up  and  vp  to  soften  the 
pronunciation  ;  as  /ie<T7j^u-j8-piu,  £/.t-/8-poTos,  &v-8-pts. 

44.  The  Latin  inserts  p  between.  nrt  and  ms,  etc.,  as  a  support  for 
the  voice,  it  being  difficult  for  the  organs  to  avoid  pronouncing  the  p, 


NOTES   TO   QUESTIONS   ON   THE   ANABASIS.         147 

even  if  it  ig  not  written ;  as  emo,  em-p-si,  em-p-tum,  tem-p-tare,  tern-p 
lum  (from  rep.™).     Comp.  Note  31  to  Questions  on  the  Fables. 

45.  On  the  same  principle  as  in  Greek  and  Latin,  a  mute  is  in 
serted  in  English  between  m  and  the  consonant  following  it,  the  latter 
more  commonly  being  /  or  t ;  as  hum-b-le  (for  humle),  mum-b-le,  tum-b-le, 
tem-p-t,  exem-p-t,  tem-p-le. 

46.  'fis  with  the  participle  may  be  rendered  :  saying  that,  pretending 
that,  alleging  that,  on  the  ground  that,  because,  as  though,  as  if,  and  the 
like. 

47.  'Eiri{3ov\fvovTos  without  us  would  denote  merely  the  fact  that 
Tissaphernes  was  plotting ;  with  us,  it  is  the   reason,  as  given  by 
Cyrus  (which  reason  may  not  actually  exist),  for  issuing  orders  to 
raise  forces. 

48.  In  the  phrase  KO!  ydp,  the  /ecu  suggested  to  the  eye  or  ear  of  the 
Greek  the  connection  of  the  clause  in  which  it  stood  with  that  which 
preceded ;  but  in  English  the  connection  is  not  expressed  with  the 
same  fulness  or  precision ;  therefore  this  Koi  is  rarely  translated.    In 
the  Greek  it  is  generally  equivalent  to  what  might  be  expressed  in 
English  by  :  and  this  was  so,  for  (yo-p)- 

49.  See  Note  24. 

50.  "EO-TTJKO,  the  simple  Perf.  of  iLtpea-T^Kfo-av,  signifies  I  have  placed 
myself;  and  as  the  Perf.  denotes  the  continuance  of  the  result,  the 
word  denotes  a  present  state,  hence,  I  stand ;  the  Impf.  would  then 
denote  the  continuance  of  the  state  /  —  had  revolted,  and  were  then  in  a, 
state  of  revolt. 

51.  OUTOS  is  compounded  of  the  article  &  and  a\n6s.     Where  the 
article  ends  in  an  o  sound,  as  ou,  w,  etc..  OVTOS  has  ou  in  the  penult; 
otherwise  au. 

52.  "Bov\evofjLfvovs  is  here  the  complement  of  ifpoai(r^6^fvos ;    the 
action  or  time  denoted  by  the  complementary  participle  is  usually 
prior  to  that  of  the  word  of  which  it  is  the  complement ;  the  act  of 
plotting  (&ov\fvo(j.fvovs)  must  have  been  prior  to  the  perception  of 
it   ( irpoa.i<rS6fifvos ) . 


148         NOTES   TO   QUESTIONS   ON   THE   ANABASIS. 

53.  In  English  the  word  namely  is  often  used  to  introduce  a  word 
or  clause  explanatory  of  what  precedes.     The  Latin  and  Greek  very 
often  use  no  corresponding  word  here. 

54.  See  Note  25. 

55.  Where  a  pronoun  refers  to  a  preceding  statement,  and  hence 
would  be  regularly  in  the  neuter  gender,  but  is  conformed  to  that  of 
a  following  noun,  there  is  said  to  be  an  attraction  of  gender.     Comp. 
Note  32  to  Questions  on  Virgil. 

56.  The  position  of  OUTTJ  between  KCU  and  o3  is  emphatic.     Com 
pare  above  the    position  of  ffrparn\y6v   between  nal   and  8«,  and 
Note  20. 

57.  In  the  formation  of  the  Pres.  irpdrru,  a  strengthening  T  is 
added  to  the  stem  irpay,  and  this  r  assimilates  the  7  to  itself;  hence 
the  two  T'S. 

58.  The  position  of  vpbs  eavrAv  between  TTJS  and  &nj3ouA.r}s  makes 
it  an  attributive  of  firtfiovXris.    Preserving  the  force  of  the  original, 
then,  the  English  would  be  :  "  the  against-himself  plot" 

59.  The  relation  of  manner  or  means  denoted  by  the  Part.  iro\e- 
fjiovvTa,  would  be  naturally  expressed  in  Latin  by  the  gerund  in  the 
Abl.     The  Greek  supplies  the  place  of  the  Latin  gerund  partly  by 
the  Part,  and  partly  by  the  Inf.  with  the  Article  in  the  Dat. 

60.  The   relative  is   attracted   into  the  case  of  the  antecedent, 
generally,  only  with  such  verbs  as  govern  an  Ace. 

61.  Generally  only  the  verbals  in  -r&s  and  -re'os  and  the  Perf.  Pass. 
take  the  Dat.  of  the  agent. 

62.  Xepfftvyffos  was  the  older  and  original  form.     The  later  Attics, 
after  Thucydides,   adopted  the  form  Xepptnicros,  changing  the  p<r 
into  $. 

63.  If  TTJ  Karavrnrfpas  'A)3w5ou  were  placed  between  eV  and  Xeppo- 
vi](rta,  the  meaning  would  be  the  same  as  with  the  present  position. 
Literally  rendered,  then,   it  would  be  :    "  the  over-against-Abydus 
Chersonese." 

64.  The  respective  relations  of  a.vr$  and  els  T\\V  rpoQ-fiv  can  be 


NOTES  TO   QUESTIONS   ON  THE  ANABASIS.         149 

expressed  by  a  literal  translation  as  follows  :    "  so  that  they  even 
contributed  money  for  him  for  the  support  of  his  soldiers." 

65.  The  accentuation  of  O"IKOI  (at  home)  may  be  explained  in  two 
ways:    1,  as  a  Dat.  for  olKca ;    the  ultimate  being  long,  the  word 
could  not  be  a  properispomenon.     This  is  the  usual  explanation. 
2.  The  word  may  be  a  syncopated  form  for  ofaofyi,  the  <pi  being  an 
old  Dat.  ending.     The  accent  is  then  proparoxytone  and  regular. 

66.  The  word  £«/oi»s  is  strictly  governed  by  *ls  here ;  but  the  whole 
expression  els  5/(rxt\tous  £evovs  is  a  second  Ace.  governed  by  cure?, 
just  as  a  preposition  and  its  case  often  stands  as  the  subject  Nom. 
of  the  verb. 

67.  OSrco  is  equivalent  to  a  protasis  of  the  proposition,  and  might 
be  translated  :  "  if  he  should  receive  them." 

68.  The   particle   &v  standing  with   irepiyei'6/ui.ei'os  shows  that  the 
participle  is  subject  to  a  condition,  the  condition  being  contained  in 
olrca.     The  force  of  the  whole  expression,  then,  could  be  given  thus  : 
"saying  (o>s),  if  he  should  receive  them  (OUTW),  he  would  be  superior 
to  his  opponents." 

69.  In  Attic  prose  K&eveiv  takes  the  Ace.  with  the  Inf.     Tlpofrvov 
is  then  the  subject  Ace.  of  Trapaytvto&ai. 

70.  It  is  not  certainly  known  when  the  written  accents  were  first 
introduced,   but  probably  about   two   hundred  years  before   Christ. 
They  were  evidently  introduced  for  the  purpose  of  preserving  the 
pronunciation  of  the  language  in  its  purity,  at  a  time  when  it  was  in 
danger  of  being  corrupted. 

71.  The  personal  pronouns  /JLOU,  <rov,  j]/j.wv,  avrov,  etc.,  stand  before 
or  after  the  noun  by  which  they  are  governed ;  but  the  demonstrative 
TOVTOV,  and  the  reflexives  eouroD,  aeavrov  stand  between  the  article 
and  the  noun,  or  after  the  noun  Avith  the  article  repeated.     Hence, 
instead  of  rf)  cavrov  x^P?>  ^  could  have  been  written  TT?  x^P?  TV 
tavrov. 

72.  The  rules  which  determine  the  place  of  the  accent  are  obtained 
like   the  rules  of  Prosody,  by  bringing  under  a  general  principle 

13* 


150        NOTES   TO    QUESTIONS   ON   THE   ANABASIS. 

classes  of  words  having  a  uniform  accent.  Thus,  neuter  nouns  of  the 
third  Dec.  generally  take  the  accent  as  far  back  as  the  nature  of  the 
final  syllable  will  permit  ;  as  ffrpdrfv/jLa,  xP'hlJ-aTa>  IT  pay  par  a  ;  so 
nouns  in  -is  Gen.  -e«y,  follow  the  same  rule;  likewise,  those  of  the 
first  Dec.  in  a  preceded  by  a  mute  (except  those  derived  from  verbs), 
as  ^aAarra*'  ;  abstract  nouns  in  -eta  from  verbs  in  -euo>  are  paroxy- 
tones,  as  f3u.<ri\elav  ;  while  concretes  in  -eta,  or  those  derived  from 
adjectives  in  -775  are  proparoxytones.  Those  in  -eus  are  oxytones,  as 
&a.(ri\evs  ;  so  those  in  -as,  Gen.  -a5os,  as  <J>vyas;  likewise  those  in  i], 
derived  from  the  Perf.  Pass.,  second  Perf,  or  second  Aor.  Act.,  as 
ffu\\oyT)i/y  eTrifiov\?]s,  rpo^riv,  while  most  others  in  17  preceded  by  a 
a  mute  are  paroxytones. 

These  are  but  illustrations  of  the  general  rules  (subject  to  excep 
tions)  relating  to  the  place  of  the  accent.  The  words  here  given  as 
examples  are  from  the  first  chapter  of  the  Anabasis. 

73.  The  r  in  M/ATJTOJ  is  changed  into  a  in  MiA-rifflow  by  the  influ 
ence  of  the  t.  So  frequently,  as  irXoixnos  from  TTAOUTOS  ;  ovcria  from 


74.  Similar  words  are  placed  near  each  other. 


NOTES.  151 


NOTES  TO  QUESTIONS  ON  HOMER. 

1.  The  Iliad  was  known  in  European  Greece  some  more  than  500 
years  B.  C.,  but  in  Ionia  or  Asiatic  Greece  much  earlier. 

2.  Originally  the  Iliad  was  not  divided  into  books,  as  at  present  ; 
the  different  parts  were  then  designated    merelv  by  the   subjects 
treated ;  hence,  AOI/J.OS,  MTJJ/JS.     If  there  was  occasion  to  refer  to  or 
quote  this  part  of  the  Iliad,  it  would  be  quoted  by  the  subject ;  as 
Homer  cV  ry  AO</A<£  remarks,  i.  e.,  in  the  part  of  the  Iliad  where  he 
describes  the  Plague.     Cornp.  a  similar  mode  of  quotation  in  the 
Scriptures  :  "How  in  the  bush  God  spake  unto  him;"  i.e.,  how  in 
the  passage  where  the  burning  bush  is  described. 

3.  Poetic  compositions  were  sometimes  recited  in  a  chanting  style  ; 
sometimes  they  were  sung,  with  a  lute  or  guitar  (cithara)  as  an 
accompaniment.      The  word  a'Sety,  however,  often  signifies  merely 
to  describe  in  verse.     Comp  Note  4  to  Questions  on  Virgil. 

4.  O  may  be  lengthened  into  ou  before  liquids  and  or;  as  Ou\vfj.iroio, 
line  44,  and  ovprjas,  line  50. 

5.  The  termination  -ea  is  very  rarely  contracted  in  Homer;  hence 
d^77pe0ea,  line  45,  aeiKe'a,  line  97,  &\yfa,  line  110. 

6.  The  elision  of  the  final  a  in  &\yea  and  retaining  the  augment 
of  edTj/fec  occasion  the  feminine  caesura  in  the  fifth  foot,  which  was 
a  favorite  one  with  Homer.     If  the  line  is  read  without  the  elision, 
and  with  the  omission  of  the  augment,  the  difference  will  be  readily 
perceived. 

7.  The  v  in  fbrjKfv  is  usually  considered  the  paragogic  v ;  but  it  is 
regarded  also,  by  Stadelmann  and  some  other  eminent  scholars,  as  a 
strengthening  v  at  the  end  of  the  verse,  belonging  to  the  original  and 
full  form.     Hermann  thinks  it  is  added  at  the  end  of  a  verse  to  a 


152  NOTES  TO  QUESTIONS  ON   HOMEK. 

short   syllabic,  that  the  voice   may  rest  on  that  syllable,  before  it 
proceeds  to  the  next  verse. 

8.  Where  two  different  forms  of  an  oblique  case  are  referred  to  the 
same  Nom.,  but  for  one  of  which  a  different  Nom.  must  be  assumed, 
there  is  the  so-called  figure  of  Metaplasm.     Thus  the  genitives  'AtSao 
and  "Ai'Sos  are  referred  to  the  same  Nom.  'At'Sfys ;  but  for  the  form 
"Ai'Sos  a  form  "Ai's  must  be  assumed. 

9.  The  feminine  caesura  in  the  fourth  foot  was  avoided  by  Homer 
as  undesirable. 

10.  The  particle  re,  here  and  usually,  stands  after  the  word  it 
connects  with  a  preceding  word. 

11.  The  full   expression,   instead  of  e£  ov,  would  be  t'/c  xp^ov 
t£  ol. 

12.  The  particle  5^  is  often  joined  with  words  denoting  time,  to 
give  them  explicitness,  or  to  add  force  to  the  temporal  idea  which 
they  contain. 

13.  The   re    after  ris   is   apparently  pleonastic.      Generally  the 
English  would  not  use  any  corresponding  word.     By  the  use  of  it 
Homer  keeps  up  the  connection  in  form  between  this  sentence  and 
the  preceding  one.     Comp.  Note  35  to  Questions  on  the  Anabasis. 

14.  When  the  Accent  of  an  enclitic  unites  with  a  preceding  oxy- 
tdhe,  the  two  words  become  one  in  respect  to  accentuation.     Hence 
the  accent  stands  just  as  if  the  two  words  were  written  together,  as 
£p<r(f>(a€.    But  the  accent  of  a  word  is  never  depressed  on  the  penult 
or  antepenult,  as  \byos,  re/c/ir/ptov.     Not,  then,  kpcr<f>we,  but  &p<r$ue  . 

15.  T6v  here,  and  generally  in  Homer,  has  a  strictly  pronominal 
force,  —  being  the  object  of  the  verb,  and  Xpvffijv  in  apposition  with 
it ;  thus,  "  because  he  dishonored  him  —  Chryses  the  priest."     Comp. 
in  Book  I.,  lines  348  and  488,  where  the  noun  in  apposition  is  sepa 
rated  from  the  pronoun,  viz.,  yw-f)  from  ?j,  and  vl&s  from  &. 

16.  It  is  probable  that  originally  dual  forms  were  only  modifica 
tions  of  the  plural  forms  ;  but  in  process  of  time  usage  appropriated 


K*OTES  TO  QUESTIONS   ON  HOMER*  153 

the  dual  forms  to  express  only  dual  relations.  In  the  earlier  period 
of  the  language,  therefore,  the  dual  and  plural  would  be  used  inter 
changeably,  and  the  numeral  Su«  would  not  unnaturally  be  joined 
with  the  duaL 

17.  The  grammatical  structure  of  a  language  is  comparatively 
loose  in  its  earlier  periods,  and  becomes  grammatically  more  exact 
as  it  improves.     Hence  Homer  allows  a  looseness  of  construction 
which  Xenophon  would  not.     In  the  strictest  sense,  the  Inf.  \va-ai 
is  not  here  used  as  an  imperative,  but  depends  on  some  word  of 
willing  understood,  as  «&e\e,  jSovAov,  etc.     But  as  the  mind  so  readily 
supplies  such  an  imperative,  we  accustom  ourselves,  in  loose  lan 
guage,  to  say  that  the  Inf.  is  used  as  an  Imperative. 

18.  The  Greek  was  originally  written  in  capitals,  without  spaces 
between  the  words,  as  follows  : 

EN0AAAOIMENnANTE2EnET*HMH2ANAXAIOI.1 

19.  Cursive  writing,  i.  e.,  like  our  common  Greek  texts.,  is  first 
found  in  manuscripts  in  the  eighth  century  of  our  era.     The  cursive 
letters,  however,  were  used  to  some  extent  long  before. 

20.  Hiatus  was  particularly  unpleasant  to  the  Greek  ear.     Various 
means  were  therefore  used  to  avoid  it,  as  elision,  contraction,  crasis, 
paragogic  v.     Hence  it  occurs  much  more  frequently  in  Latin  than 
in  Greek,  as  may  be  readily  seen  by  a  comparison, 

21.  Some  nouns  of  the  third  Dec.  reject  the  gender-sign  a,  and  as 
a  compensation  lengthen  the  short  final  vowel  of  the  stem.     Hence 
•yeptov  instead  of  yepovs. 

22.  The  Ionic  dialect  continued  to  be  spoken  and  written  till  about 
three  hundred  years  before  Christ.      About  two  hundred  and  fifty 
years   before   Christ,  the  Attic  had   superseded   it.     See  Sophodes's 
Glossary  of  Later  and  Byzantine  Greek,  p.  2. 

23.  The  pronoun  JJLIV  stands  here  in  the  Ace,,  governed  by  tireta-iv, 
Homer  loosely  placing  after  a  verb  of  motion  the  Ace,  of  a  person 
or  thing  on  which  the  action  of  the  verb  terminates.     In  Attic  Greek 

1  Line  22  of  the  First  Book  of  th«  Iliad. 


154  TTOTES   TO   QUESTIONS   OX  HOMER. 

such  accusatives  would  be  governed  by  a  preposition.     The  Ace. 
I<rr6v  (line  31)  comes  under  the  same  principle. 

24.  The  open  or  uncontracted  form  of  verbs  in  -da  occurs  in  Homer 
only  in  single  words  and  forms.     The  open  form  always  occurs  with 
v\oua,  and  such  as  have  a  long  a  for  their  characteristic,  or  whose 
stem  is  a  monosyllable;  as  Hvfy&uv,  iret^^wv,  fXPae  (from.  xpow).     See 
Kti/iner'&  Elementary  Greek  Gram. 

25.  Instead  of  the   open   forms    of  verbs   in   -da  referred   to   in 
Note  24,  the  vowel  produced  by  contraction  is  resolved  where  the 
verse  requires  it.     One  of  the  principles  on  which  the  resolution  takes 
place  is  as  follows :  When  the  syllable  preceding  the  syllables  to  be 
contracted  is  short,  and  the  second  of  the  syllables  to  be  contracted 
is  long,  o  is  inserted  before  «  or  « ;   as  6pdw,  6pw,  &p6w ;    opaovai, 
6pca<n,  &p6w<Ti ;  cu/riaaxrai',  avTitaoav,  cum6ca<rav.     In  like  manner  short 
a  is  inserted  before  a  or  9. 

26.  In  forming  the  Attic  i/ep  from  the  Epic  vf-rjcu,  the  t]  absorbs 
the  a  and  the  i  is  subscribed. 

27.  In  Latin  the  vowels  are  to  the  consonants  as  four  to  five.1 

28.  In  Greek  the  proportion  of  the  vowels  to  the  consonants  is 
greater  than  in  the  Latin,  being  as  six  to  seven. 

29.  The  diphthongs  in  Latin  are  to  those  in  Greek  about  as  one 
to  six. 

1  On  this  and  the  two  following  Notes,  see  Article  on  Phonology  in 
"  Bibliotheca  Sacra,"  Vol.  16,  by  B.  W.  Dwight. 


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